Mesebetsi ea DNA le sebopeho lona

Ka pelo ea lisele tse phelang tsa lintho tse phelang mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ke mesebetsi ya polymers tsa likokoana-hloko, acid nucleic, lik'habohaedreite, liprotheine le lipids. Biopolymers bopilwe monomers, hydrocarbon dibopeho, tseo le tsona li akarelletsa naetrojene, oksijene, sebabole le phosphorus.

Lekholong la bo19 la lilemo, ho ithuta sebōpeho sa dintho ile qadile hore etsa sele e phelang, empa mosebetsi oa DNA, liprotheine, RNA, 'me sebopeho sa bona e ile ea qetella e behilweng a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo.

Friedrich Miescher ka 1868, se ka thōko ho tloha seleng e nuclei phosphorous leukocytes le bitsa nukleina. Ebe Richard Altman ka 1889 etsa qeto ea hore ntho ena e na le acid e khethehileng le protheine. Ebe ka lekhetlo la pele 'me la utloa ka poleloana e reng "acid e nucleic". Leha ho le joalo, ho theha mosebetsi oa acid nucleic ne a ntse a le hōle.

DNA - acid e deoxyribonucleic - ke kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa likokoana-hloko polymers entsoe ka monomers tse makholo - deoxyribonucleotides. Ka sebopeho bona ntle le tsoekere (deoxyribose), e akarelletsa mefuta 4 of nucleotides: adenine - A, thymidine - T, cytosine - C, guanine - G.

Ka lekhetlo la pele o ne a nkoa e le DNA nucleic acid e se hlahang ho yona phoofolo, kaha e ile thōko ho tswa thymus ea liphoofolo, 'me RNA ile ka thōko ho tloha kokoana-hloko koro - meroho. Ho ne ho lumeloa hore qetellong phapang skeletal pakeng tsa lisele tse merabe li ile tsa fumanoa teny le liphoofolo. Leha ho le joalo, ka bohareng ba lekholo la mashome a mabeli ba ile ba fumana hore RNA le DNA li kenyelelitsoe lisele tsohle.

Hang-hang sebopeho qala ho ithuta acid nucleic Erwin Chargaff, ba ka 1953 ile a fumana hore nucleotides hore ke karolo ea e tšoanang lebitso acid e foromo lipara le kamehla ka tieo.

mabapi le kamehla nka e mong pyrimidine le purine botlaaseng ba se le seng, T = C, A = T. Ke hore, adenine tlama ho thymidine le guanine - le cytosine.

Le bakeng sa mosebetsi DNA bohlokoa hore mabapi tabeng pele ho fana ka hydrogen lipara 2, 'me ea bobeli - tse tharo.

melao Chargaff e ile ea botlaaseng leo Watson le Crick haha sebōpeho sa DNA habeli Helix.

Ka molek'hule ena, hammoho le ka limolek'hule protheine, mathomo fapaneng, mehaho e mahareng le e phahameng.

Sebopeho sa mathomo - e guttate tatelano ea monomers ka ketane e tšoanang.

Ke 'nete hore ka tlhaho ea DNA e ka ketane e le' ngoe ha e etsahala, empa mona re bua ka mohaho o ka sehloohong oa biopolymers, e hlalosang mantsoe e hlalosa tsohle thepa ea eona.

Mahareng sebopeho - e tlhaloganya sebaka bath ya biopolymer ena. Tabeng ea DNA ke polynucleotide liketane tse peli, e mong le e ba e sothehileng ka Helix nepahetseng, 'me ka bobeli ba ka nako sothile ka tataiso manaka a watjhe ka a selekane tloaelehileng. liketane tsena li tšoaroa haufi le matla a oxyphobe hydrogen. Sebopeho e phahameng ea limolek'hule DNA Helix ho eketsehileng hlalosoa.

Mohato oa seqhenqha pele e ne e entsoe ka ho sibolloa hore ho sebetsa ha DNA ke ho fetisetsa le poloko ea boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso. DNA e na le lenaneo la liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa sebōpeho sa lihaha-'mele, e itseng bakeng sa e mong le e phelang. Ba, hammoho le limolek'hule le RNA fetisa boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso ho tloha phelang ho phelang. DNA e na le boikarabelo ba ho kenya tshebetsong le boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso le tsona. Di amehang dithulaganyo mongwalollo, boikatiso le phetolelo, kahoo etsa bonnete ba tswakana liprotheine tse sa tšoaneng.