Acid Nucleic - balebeli ba lesedi liphatsa tsa lefutso

asiti Nucleic (khubung - konokono) - metsoako manyolo, tse amanang le ho ba teng ha dithulaganyo tsohle tsa motheo tsa taba e phelang. biopolymers tsena di pele khetholloa ka F. Miescher (1968) le nuclei leukocyte. Nakoana ka mor'a moo, acid nucleic ne a tsebahatsa ka lisele tsohle tsa batho, liphoofolo le limela, likokoana-hloko le likokoana-hloko. Kahoo, ho ile a paka hore bana ba metsoako tsa likokoana-hloko tse fumanoang lisele tsohle tse phelang, tse bajari ka sehloohong oa boitsebiso lefa, ho ameha ka biosynthesis liprotheine tsa ntho e phelang.

Nucleic acid e nehelano

acid Nucleic ke prosthetic lihlopha nucleoproteins. Qetellong lihlahisoa tsa hydrolysis bona - purine le pyrimidine makalana, pentose le asiti phosphoric. The lik'hemik'hale khetholla deoxyribonucleic (DNA) le asiti ribonucleic (RNA). Sebōpeho sa DNA e kenyelelitsoe monosaccharide - deoxyribose, ka RNA - ribose. metsoako tsena fapana ho e mong le makalana a mang nitrogenous, ea sebopeho ea limolek'hule, diriswa lisele, hammoho le mesebetsi.

Metsoako molek'hule e entsoeng ka purine kapa pyrimidine botlaaseng le pentose (ribose, deoxyribose), e bitswang nuklozidami. Title nuleozida ikemiselitse nitrogenous komponeng e kenyeletsang ka sebopeho lona. Ka mohlala, cytidine e kenyeletsang adenine bitsoa adenosine, guanine - guanosine, cytosine - cytidine, uracil - uridine, thymine - thymidine. Ho itšetlehile ka lik'habohaedreite tse etsang limolek'hule ho khetholla rubonukleozidy le deoxyribonucleosides.

Ntle le makalana mantlha nitrogenous, acid e nucleic   na le ho feta   le seo ho thoeng ke tse nyenyane botlaaseng ba purine letoto la lihlooho le pyrimidine (1-methyladenine, dihydrouracil, 1-methylguanine, 3 methyluracil, pseudouridine et al a.).

Nucleotides ke phosphate esters tsa nucleosides. The molek'hule le bopilwe ka nucleotide purine kapa makalana pyrimidine, pentose (ribose kapa deoxyribose) le phosphoric acid e masalla hore tlama ho bohlano kapa boraro athomo Carbo pentoses.

Nucleic acid e sebopeho le mosebetsi.

The nucleotides motho ba o kopantsoeng hammoho ka foromo ena di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa, hepta le polynucleotides, i.e. acid nucleic. acid Nucleic li entsoe ka tse makholo kapa tse likete nucleotides motho hore ba o kopantsoeng hammoho ka sehlopha hydroxyl, haufi le 3'-go th athomo Carbo pentose tsa nucleotide mong le asiti barrel phosphoric hore e haufi le 5, th athomo Carbo pentose tsa nucleotide hlahlamang.

DNA ke mathomo liphatsa tsa lefutso tse bonahalang ea litsamaiso tsohle tse phelang tsa likokoana-hloko. Ka lintho tse ntle le libaktheria le likokoana-hloko, e localized ka motheo seleng. A palo e fokolang ea acid e ho e concentrated ka mitochondria le chloroplasts.

acid Ribonucleic di khetholloa ka hoo e ka bang mong le e mong karoloana seleng. Palo e khōlō ea RNA e concentrated ka dikarolo ribonucleoprotein - ribosomes. E tlameha ho ka boleloa hore ba bangata ba RNAs tse cytoplasm, 'me% 10-15 feela ke karolo ea khenele ena.

RNA e thehiloeng diriswa lisele, mosebetsi tsa likokoana-hloko, boima ba 'mele ea limolek'hule arotsoe ka mefuta e meraro: ribosomal, lipalangoang le popeho.

Ribosomal RNA localized ka granules cytoplasmic ribosomes moo di ka tieo tlameha ho protheine ena. Di tšoauoa ka boima ba 'mele e phahameng ea limolek'hule. Lipalangoang RNA fumanoa haholo-holo ka lisele tse hyaloplasm, ea mokelikeli ea nyutlelie ka mitochondria le chloroplasts. Ba na le tlaase limolek'hule boima (40 sekete. Daltons). mosebetsi bona se seholo ke ho tsamaisa ya amino acid butswe ho tloha amino acid e rarahaneng - Amp potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale ho sebaka sa protheine tswakana, ke hore, ho ribosomes ena. lithuto tsa saense li bontšitse hore e mong le e acid e amino na motho ea eona tRNA. Hona joale, ho na le tse fetang 60 mefuta e meng ea phetiso RNA.

Messenger RNA (lenģosa RNA). E mong le e mRNA molek'hule nakong tswakana ka khubung ea fumana tlhahisoleseding ho tswa DNA le e fetisetsa ho ribosomes seo ho sona ho e kenngwa tshebetsong le protheine biosynthesis.