Tsela ea ho rarolla mathata a liphatsa tsa lefutso ho baeloji?

Ho ithuta melao ea motheo ea lefutso le feto-tse phelang ke e 'ngoe le mathata a boima ka ho fetisisa, empa o hlamatsehang haholo tobane saense ea kajeno. A sehloohong sena a re sheba kamoo dikgopolo tsa mantlha mogopolofela le postulates tsa saense, 'me o tla sebetsana le kamoo ho rarolla mathata a liphatsa tsa lefutso.

The kamano ea thuto ea lefutso

makala a mabeli a ka sehloohong ea saense ea kajeno - meriana le ho ikatisa - qapa ka geneticists lipatlisiso. E tšoanang haholo tsa likokoana-hloko taeo, lebitso la eo e ile sisintsweng ka 1906 ke Senyesemane rasaense W. Betsonom, hase haholo mogopolofela ntse e sebetsa. Mong le e mong ea etsang qeto ea ho teba utloisisa mochine oa lefa la litšobotsi tse fapaneng (jwalo ka leihlo 'mala, le moriri o, mali), e ne e tla pele lokela ho ithuta melao ea lefutso le phetoho, hammoho le palo kamoo ho rarolla mathata a liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa botho. Hore ke taba re tlang ho se etsa.

bopa dikgopolo tsa mantlha le melaoana

E mong le e tsoang lekaleng e na le e itseng, ikhethang feela ho eena, sete ya litlhaloso tsa motheo. Ha re bua ka ea saense e le hore o ithuta le thulaganyo ya phetiso ya mekhoa lefa, re utloisise mantsoe a latelang ke ea bobeli: phatsa ea lefutso, genotype, phenotype, linonyana motsoali, poone e nyalisitsoeng, diretswe go dira gametes, 'me joalo-joalo. Le e mong le e ba bona ba re kopanang le eena, ha re ithuta melao, bolella kamoo re ka rarollang mathata a ka baeloji, liphatsa tsa lefutso. Empa tšimolohong re tla ithuta Hybridological mokhoa. Ka mor'a hore tsohle, ho ke ke ka lebaka la lithuto tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ho ile sisintsweng ke tlhaho Czech G. Mendel lekholong la bo19 la lilemo.

Tsela ea ho ja lefa la litšobotsi?

Melao ea thepa phetiso ea 'mele li ne li sibolloa ke Mendel ka liteko tsa hore o ile a khanna ka dimela tsebahalang - erekisi. Hybridological mokhoa ke tšela ba diyuniti tse pedi, tse fapana mong ho e mong ka ho para e 'ngoe ea litšobotsi (monohybrid leketla sefapanong). Haeba teko ya ho akarelletsa ho lintho tse nang le lipara tse ngata tsa mefuta e meng (bo fapaneng) ea matsoho, ka nako eo bua ka poligibridnom tšela. Le rasaense ea etsa tlhahiso e latelang notation leqeba hybridization ea limela tse peli erekisi tse dipeo 'mala o fapaneng. A - mosehla pente, le - e tala.

Ka f1 ena ngola - poone e nyalisitsoeng ea ea pele (I) o mong. Kaofela ba junifomo feletseng (tšoanang), hobane ba na le e ka sehloohong phatsa ea lefutso e, ho laola mosehla mmala dipeo. The ho kena ka holimo tšoana le pele molao oa Mendel (Rule f1 nyalisitsoeng tshwano). A tseba hore o hlalosa liithuti tsela ea ho rarolla mathata a liphatsa tsa lefutso. Sehlopheng 9 e na le lenaneo thutong ea baeloji, e leng e ba ithuta ka ho qaqileng Hybridological mokhoa oa ho etsa lipatlisiso liphatsa tsa lefutso. E boetse e hlahloba 'me ea bobeli (II) kakaretso Mendel bitsoa molao oa segregation. Ho ea ka ho eona, ba poone e nyalisitsoeng F2, fumanoa ka tšela tse peli poone e nyalisitsoeng pele moloko e mong le tse ling tse, e petsoha ka karo-karolelano ea 3 ho ea ho 1 phenotype le genotype 1 le 2 ho 1.

Sebedisa moralo ka holimo, u tla utloisisa hore na ho rarolla mathata a liphatsa tsa lefutso ntle liphoso ha maemo a bona ka sebelisoa pele kapa se tsejwang molao II Mendel e, fuoa hore tšela le hlaha ha taolo e feletseng ea mong oa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho.

Molao e re: ikemetseng kopantseng matšoao

Haeba motho ka mong a botsoali ka tsela e fapaneng lipara tse peli ea litlhaku mefuta e meng, e kang 'mala peo le sebopeho, ho tloha dimela tse kang erekisi, joale ka lebaka la tsela ea tšela liphatsa tsa lefutso lokela ho sebelisoa Pinneta grille.

Feletseng poone e nyalisitsoeng tsohle, e leng moloko pele ho mamela puso ea tshwano Mendel. Ke hore, ba ile ba ba mosehla, le holim 'boreleli. Tsoela pele sefapano pakeng tsa dimela tsa f1, re fumana poone e nyalisitsoeng ea bobeli-molokong o mong ka. Ho fumana hore na ke joang ho rarolla mathata a ka liphatsa tsa lefutso, bo10 sehlopheng ka tlelaseng baeloji sebedisa rekoto peli lebasetere ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo, ho sebelisa moralo o balletsweng ya petsoha phenotypically 9: 3: 3: 1. Tlas'a tumellano ea hore liphatsa tsa lefutso li lokisetsa ka bobedi e fapaneng ka sebelisoa Mendel boraro postulate - molao kopantseng litšobotsi tsa re ikemetseng.

Ka seo re se futsitseng sehlopha mali?

The mochine oa phetiso ea tšobotsi e kang sehlopha mali ka batho, ha e le lumellane le melao e tšohliloeng pele ho moo. Ke hore, ho ke ke ha ho ya molao pele le la bobeli la Mendel. Sena ke hobane joalo tšobotsi e ka mali, ho ea ka lithuto tsa Landsteiner, laoloa ke alleles tse tharo ke ile ka: A, B le 0. Tumellanong le hoo genotypes ke tse latelang:

• Pele sehlopheng - 00.
• Ea bobeli - LH kapa A0.
• Boraro sehlopha - BB kapa B0.
• Bone - AB.

0 phatsa ea lefutso e recessive allele ho liphatsa tsa lefutso e le B. A sehlopha bone ke phello kodominirovaniya (bobeli teng ha liphatsa tsa lefutso e le ho B). Hangata ho hlokahala hore ho nahana ka, ho tseba mokhoa oa ho rarolla mathata a ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa sehlopha mali. Empa e le hore hase bohle. Ho theha genotype ea bana ke mali, born ho batsoali ba le lihlopha tsa lona fapaneng, sebelisa tafole tlase.

khopolo Morgan ea lefutso

Khutlela karolong ea sehlooho sa rōna "Molao oa re sa itšetleha ka kopantseng matšoao", eo ho eona re ile ra buisana kamoo ho rarolla mathata a liphatsa tsa lefutso. Dihybrid sefapano, e le ha molao o III Mendel, e leng e e ka tlasa, e sebetsang ho liphatsa tsa lefutso allelic, chromosomes homologous ke ka e mong le e para.

Ka bohareng ba bo-la bo20 la lilemo American sa liphatsa tsa lefutso T. Morgan o ile a pheha khang hore ba bangata ba lipontšo laoloa ke liphatsa tsa lefutso, e leng ba sebakeng sa chromosome e tšoanang. Ba na le guttate tokisetso ea mofuta o le khokahano lihlopha. 'Me palo ea bona e hantle haploid sete ya chromosomes. Ka tshebetso ya ho meiosis, e leng hore ho thehoe diretswe go dira gametes, lisele tse ho kopanela liphate tla ha liphatsa tsa lefutso le 'ngoe, o ne a nahana Mendel,' me kaofela ba mehahong ea bona, e bitsoang Morgan lihlopha clutch.

phetoho

Nakong prophase I (eo hape a bitsoang pele meiotic karohano) pakeng tsa chromatids le ka hare la chromosomes homologous ba fanana likarolo (lukusami). ketsahalo ena e bitsoa phetoho. Ke motheong oa phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso. Phetoho e haholo-holo bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ithuta baeloji ameha ka ho ithuta mafu lefa batho. Sebedisa tenets ngotsoeng khopolo chromosomal tsa lefutso Morgan, re ka hlalosa kgatotharabololo hore arabela potso ea kamoo ho ka rarolla mathata a liphatsa tsa lefutso.

Sex-amahanngoa lefa la mabokosana tse itseng tabeng ea ho fetiswa ha liphatsa tsa lefutso, e leng se ba sebakeng sa chromosome e tšoanang. Sebaka e teng pakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso ka lihlopha khokahano hlalosoa e le karolo e - diyuniti mapa. A matla coupling pakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso ka kotloloho tekanyo e lekanang ya ho hōjana. Ka hona, ka ho fetisisa tšela holim'a le hlaha pakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, e leng se ba sebakeng hōle le e mong le e tse ling. Nahana ka ketsahalo e amanang le lefa la ka ho qaqileng le ho feta. Empa ka sa hopola hore mathoasong a se metsoako ea lefutso le boikarabelo bakeng sa litšobotsi tse thobalano tsa lintho tse phelang.

chromosomes ho kopanela liphate

Ka karyotype batho ba na le mohaho o itseng: ka tse tšehali hlahisa e tšoanang ba babeli X chromosomes, ha banna ba ka banyalani ba bang ba ho kopanela liphate, ho phaella ho X chromosome, ho na le boetse ho na le U-tlhahiso, Featuring bobeli foromo le ka sete ya liphatsa tsa lefutso. Sena se bolela hore ho ke ke ha homologous ho X chromosome. Joalo mafu a lefa botho tse kang hemophilia, le bofofu mala hlaha ka lebaka la "ho pshatla" la liphatsa tsa lefutso ka bomong ka X chromosome. Ka mohlala, mmuso wa lenyalo la hemophilia le monna ea phetseng hantle e ka ea tsoetsoeng ke litloholo le.

Tsela e holimo ea tšela liphatsa tsa lefutso e tiisa hore phatsa ea lefutso clutch e laolang mali hoama, ho kopanela liphate X chromosome. Tlhahisoleseding ena ea saense e sebelisoa ho ruta baithuti dithekeniki, qeto ea hore na mokhoa oa ho rarolla mathata a liphatsa tsa lefutso. 11 sehlopha sa na le lenaneo thutong ea baeloji, e hlahloba ka ho qaqileng dikarolo tse kang "liphatsa tsa lefutso", "Medicine" le "liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa botho". Ba lumella baithuti ho ithuta seo re se futsitseng le mafu a batho le ho tseba mabaka a ka eo ba neng ba hlaha.

sebelisana phatsa ea lefutso

Fetisetsa litšobotsi tse lefa - thulaganyou e ena le tse rarahaneng. merero e tsena pele ho moo ba e hlakileng feela ha liithuti tsa motheo tsebo bonyane. Ke habohlokoa, ha e ntse e fana ka mekgwa eo fana ka karabo ho e potso ea kamoo ho ithuta ho rarolla mathata a ka baeloji. Liphatsa tsa lefutso lithuto tsa sebelisana le e bopa liphatsa tsa lefutso. Sena epistasis polymer, complementarity. Re tla bua haholo ka 'ona.

MOHLALA lefa utloeng batho ke ea tšoantšetso ea mofuta ona wa sebelisana ka complementarity. Ho utloa laoloa ke lipara tse peli ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e fapaneng. Ea pele ke tsona tse ikarabellang bakeng sa ntshetsopele ya bokgoni ho tloaelehile tsa cochlea ba tsebe ka hare, 'me ea bobeli - ho ea ka tšebetso ea methapo ea kutlo utluwang. Lenyalo la batsoali ba sa utloeng litsebeng, nngwe le nngwe ya eo e homozygous recessive bakeng sa e mong le e mong oa lipara tse peli tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, bana ba ba tsoaloa le utloeng tloaelehileng. genotypes tsena ba teng le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse peli e ka sehloohong eo ho laola ntshetsopeleng tloaelehileng ea utloa le lithuso.

pleiotropy

Ho le joalo thahasellisang tsa sebelisana phatsa ea lefutso ka eo phatsa ea lefutso e mong le teng ka genotype e, phenotypic poleloana ee ho itšetlehile ka makgetha a ho tse 'maloa. Ka mohlala, ka bophirimela ho Pakistan fumanoa le baahi batho ba bang ba baemeli ba. Ha ba na litsoelesa mofufutso libakeng tse itseng tsa 'mele. Ka nako e tšoanang batho ba joalo ba 'nile ba na le boloetse ba ho ba sieo ha molars itseng. Ba ne ba ka ba ke ke ba thehoa ka tsela ea ontogeny.

Liphoofolo, mohlala, linku karakulskih joale 'muso o hlaheletseng lethal gene W, e laolang kamoo boea colouring le ntshetsopele tloaelehileng ea mpeng. Nahana hore na W phatsa ea lefutso e futsitseng ka lifapano tsa batho ba babeli heterozygous. E fellang kateng le hore bana ba bona ba ¼ likonyana le genotype WW, a e-shoa ka lebaka la ho anomalies ka ntshetsopele ya mala. Ka nako e tšoanang ½ (ka boea moputsoa) heterozygous le solofetsang, le ¼ - ke batho ba nang le boea ba batsho le ntshetsopeleng e tloaelehileng ea mala (genotype bona WW).

Genotype - tsamaiso phethahetseng ka hohlehohle

litla tse ngata tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso poligibridnoe tšela, le lipono tse makatsang amahanngoa lefa la sebeletsa ka bopaki e le felletseng la hore e behiloeng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ka 'mele ea rōna ke tsamaiso e feletseng, le hoja e e emeloang ke alleles motho oa liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ba ka seo re se futsitseng ke melao ea Mendel, hore na kapa loci ho amahanngoa le ho mameloa ha tenets tsa khopolo ea ho Morgan. Ho nahana ka melao le boikarabelo ba ho tsela ea ho rarolla mathata a liphatsa tsa lefutso, re ile a fumana hore phenotype ea phelang efe kapa efe e susumetsoa ke bobeli allelic le liphatsa tsa lefutso bao e seng allelic susumetsa ntshetsopeleng litšobotsi le 'ngoe kapa ho feta.