Lisele tse kholo ka ho fetisisa manyolo

Lik'hemik'hale seleng ea mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa fana ka bakeng sa ho ba teng ha dintho tse sa tšoaneng le metsoako. Kahoo, ho theha ho ba teng ha ea macro- le microelements, metsi le matsoai matsoai. Leng ka seleng le manyolo thepa, ea kholo ka ho fetisisa tseo ka tsona fumana thepa ea eona. metsoako tsena le bona ba na le phello maloa tsa litšobotsi tsa ntho e phelang ka kakaretso. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore le lik'hemik'hale tsa seleng semela le phoofolo e tsoanang boemong ba athomo. ho na le ba bang ba ho se tšoane ka phahameng ka ho ea limolek'hule.

Tse ngata manyolo dintho lisele tse di khetholloa ka hore sebopeho bona ho akarelletsa ho limolek'hule kgolo (macromolecules). Ka tloaelo ho, ba na le ho pheta ka tsela e tšoanang sebopeho ho metsoako tlase ea limolek'hule. metsoako tsena li amahanngoa le ka tlamo covalent Ho thehoa le monomers. The monomers, le eena, a theha molek'hule e bitsoa polymer.

Kholo ka ho fetisisa manyolo lisele tse - ba mafura, acid nucleic, lik'habohaedreite le liprotheine.

liprotheine

Ba ikarabella bakeng sa liphesente tse ka bang leshome ho mashome a mabeli. polymers tsena kamehla e na le-amino acid e monomers. Liprotheine (ha ho bapisoa le metsoako e meng) di filoe ling tse bohlokoa. Pele, lisele tsena na manyolo dintho boima e khōlō ea limolek'hule. Ka mohlala, boima ba 'mele ea limolek'hule tsa mesifa protheine 15 00000 kDa, empa, ho etsa mohlala, ethyl joala - 46.

Jwalo ka karolo ya polymers liprotheine fumanoa ka mashome a mabeli-amino acid. E mong le e ba bona ba na le sebopeho tsa lona, lebitso, thepa. Amino acid e molek'hule comprised tsa likarolo tse peli. karolo e 'ngoe ke e tšoanang bakeng sa bohle,' me e akarelletsa le carboxylic acid e sehlopha le e amino sehlopha. Karolo e 'ngoe e fapaneng,' me o bitsoa "tse khōlō".

Liprotheine phetha karolo ea mohloli oa matla. Ka hare lisele tsa heletsa ho-amino acid metsoako tsena. Ba bang ba bona ba sebediswa bakeng sa ho tswakana protheine, ha karolo e meng fetela le tebileng petsoha tshebetso. Nakong ea bobeli le matla a ho e lokolloa.

lik'habohaedreite

Tsena lisele tse manyolo di na le dipegelo hydrogen, carbon le oksijene. lik'habohaedreite tsohle li arotsoe ka monosaccharides le polysaccharides. A palo ea limolek'hule bobeli ba amanang le mong le e tse ling, metsi a lokolloa. Kahoo, polysaccharide.

Lik'habohaedreite kenyelelitsoe bajari ba lesedi lefa - the acid nucleic.

lipids

sehlopha sena se akarelletsa dintho mafura-joaloka le mafura ka ho toba. Lipids ba le sebopeho sa tšoaneng. Leha ho le joalo, ba ile ba ba bohle re filoe le thepa kakaretso. Lipids ke insoluble ka metsi, ka tsela eo ntle ho tikatiko qhibilihang ka har'a ka chloroform, benzene, phenylate le solvents tse ling tse phelang.

Fats le metsoako mafura-joaloka phetha karolo ea bohlokoa. Palo ea lipid ke boima ba 'mele omileng - 5-15%. Kahoo, ka ba bang ba le ka liseleng tsa dikahare fihla 90%. Mafura e le teng ka lebese tsohle mammalian. Ka dolphin e motšehali, ho etsa mohlala, palo ea mafura ka lebese la - ba ka bang 40%.

acid nucleic

Lebitso la metsoako tsena li tsoa lentsoe Latin "khubu" (khubung). dintho tsena di khetholloa le thōko Fridrihom Misherom ea lisele nucleated. abelwa komponeng e kenyeletsa phosphorus le ea naetrojene Ka 1869, e leng selemo sa biochemist Switzerland.

acid Nucleic tse phahameng boima metsoako ea limolek'hule. Ba etsa bonnete ba ho boloka le phetiso ea boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso tsa lintho tse phelang. biopolymers tsena di thehoa ya diyuniti monomer tsa nucleotides, tse leng ka palo kgolo. Nucleotides lekanya litšobotsi tsa sehlooho tsa iphelisa phelang.

DNA - polymeric molek'hule, eo e na le palo e khōlō ea monomers - deoxyribonucleotides. RNA ke polymer. The monomer ho eona protrudes ribonucleotide.