Leaded peterole

Leaded peterole na tetraethyl etella pele, e leng tse chefo organometallic komponeng botho ba hae. Nakong e fetileng, e ne e sebelisoa e le-ba khahlanong le kokota tseloe bakeng tuki, le ka morero oa ho e sebelisa e ne e le ho eketsa nomoro ya octane.

Antiknock phello ea ho kompone e ile ea buloa «General Motors» bo-rasaense ba American oa k'hamphani e ka 1921. Moqapi Thomas Midgley, hantle hlokomela thepa e kotsi ea etella pele ho kena peterole leaded, e sisintsweng ho nka sebaka sa lentsoe "pele" ho ka tlaase ho moo utlwisiswa ke batho ba bangata, lentsoe "methylene". E ne e se nako e telele, 'me liphello tse bosula tse qaptjoa ena qala ho ama batho ba tloaelehileng ba ho sebetsa ka khampani "General Motors". mafu a kelello 'me mafu a amanang le qala ho etsa hang bophelo ba batho le irrevocably timetsa bophelo bo botle ba basebetsi ba. Leha ho le joalo, boholo ba etsoa ka peterole US leng pele.

Ka forties ea morao - mashome a mahlano pele tsa kamoo kotsi leaded peterole ka ho teba ba bua ho tsoa e mong le sethaleng, empa ka lebaka la lobbying matla ea bahlahisi ba lona sitoa ho laola ho thibela tlhahiso ea chefo ena. Feela ka 1972 thohako tabeng ea ho sebelisa tetraethyl etella pele, empa ho ile ha nka lilemo tse 'maloa ho feta pele e ne e khona ho ka ho feletseng nka sebaka sa' marakeng. Ka 1986, tlhahiso ea mafura, e nang le ka sebopeho tetraethyl lona etella pele e ile oo tlhomelwa tsoa. O ile a qala ho hlaphoheloa ba sechaba American: mali etella pele maemo ea baahi ba fokotseha ka 78% ka 1994 ho bapisoa le selemong se ka 1978. E ne e le tlhōlo ea ho sebelisa kelello ka lebaka la ho chelete ea maele.

Leaded peterole e hape ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ka Soviet Union. Ka 80s ea lekholo tse fetileng o ile a qala ho hana tšebeliso ea tetraethyl etella pele, e ile ea fela ka 2003. La 1 January, 2000 ka tšimo ea linaha tseo se ka ntle ho EU, e se ka ho feletseng thibetsoe leaded peterole. China tlohela tšebeliso ea tetraethyl etella pele ho 2001. Jwale, tse ngata tsa lefatše ha ho hlahisa ntho e. UK, tsoela pele ho lokolla e nyenyane, o ile a sebelisa jwalo ka tseloe ho le ngangisane bakeng sa likoloi reisisi, empa o fana ka tlhahiso ea eona le ho sebelisoa ha chelete e ngata ka lebaka la makhetho phahameng haholo behilweng ka bahlahisi. Tetraethyl tsoela pele ho sebelisoa linaheng tse 'maloa underdeveloped hobane ba cheapness ea tlhahiso ea eona. Linaha tsena li akarelletsa Afghanistan, Yemen, Korea Leboea le linaheng tse ling tse 'maloa.

Kajeno lefatšeng se tsoetseng pele leka ho sebelisa unleaded peterole, e leng e na le tetraethyl loto, ha e ama bophelo ba batho, 'me ha e khahlanong le tikoloho. Ho ntlafatsa boleng ba peterole, e tsamaisoa ka additives tse fapa-fapaneng, 'me hape fokotsa Peresente dikahare tsa mesi e kotsi e kotsi (sebabole, aromatics ,' me joalo-joalo. P.). Unleaded peterole lokela na le sebele admissible mahloriso halogenated (ha ho ho feta 5 mg, ka ho ya ka 100 cm3). Hape, peterole e lokela ho ba aroloe ke ba phelelang ho mouoane khatello le palophatlo sebopeho. Molemo ka ho fetisisa ho fetisisa le e ka bolokang tjhelete ea mofuta oa eona bakeng sa likoloi tse nkoang e oa-98.

The peterole e na le metsoako, tse hlahiswang ka lebaka la mefuta e fapaneng ya dithulaganyo difeme. Tsena li akarelletsa, ka mohlala, ka ho toba distillation ea oli, ho petsoha catalytic tsa catalytic ho sokolla, hydrocracking lephaka oli le khase, le mekhoa e meng le mekhoa.

The peterole sebopeho ha ea itšetleha feela ka mokhoa oa ho fana ka tlhahiso ea lona, empa hape theoha letšoao. A phahameng octane palo, a phahameng ea boleng ba peterole. Peterole A-95 na le tshebetso e phahameng ho feta e-92 peterole. Lifofane mafura na le e phahameng octane palo ho feta tseleng, ka lebaka la 'nete ea hore ditlhoko bakeng sa bona e phahameng.