Ke eng khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso: le lintho tsa motheo

Ka seleng efe kapa efe, 'me likarolo tsohle tsa anatomical mele, morphological le tshebetso tlhaku e behilweng ke sebōpeho sa lihaha-'mele, tse akarelletsoang bona. Lefa thepa ea ntho e phelang ke bokhoni ba ho synthesize liprotheine itseng. The DNA molek'hule ea -amino acid lokisetsa ka ketane polypeptide ho tloha eo e itšetlehile ka litšobotsi tsa likokoana-hloko.
Sele ka 'ngoe e tšoauoa ka tatelano ea eona ea nucleotides ka polynucleotide ketane ea DNA. Sena ke khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa DNA. Ka lesedi la hae le ngotsoeng ka tswakana liprotheine itseng. Hore ke khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa thepa ea eona le boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso koahetsoeng sehloohong sena.

A histori hanyane

Khopolo ea hore mohlomong ho ke khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso, e se rerileng le Dzh.Gamovym A.Daunom ka bohareng ba lekholo la mashome a mabeli. Ba hlalosa hore ho na le tatelano ea nucleotides hore ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa tswakana tse itseng amino acid, kenyelletsa ditokiseletso maqhama bonyane tse tharo. Hamorao proven palo e nepahetseng ea nucleotides tharo (a unit trust ya khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso), e leng o bitsoa triplet kapa codon. Ka palo yohle, ho na le tse mashome a tšeletseng a metso e mene nucleotides, hobane limolek'hule tsa acid, moo tswakana tsa protheine kapa RNA, e entsoe ka litlhaka kahare ba bane fapaneng nucleotide.

ke khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso se

Mokhoa amino acid e tatelano ea tatellanong protheine Coding ka nucleotides tloaelehileng ho lisele tsohle phelang le tse phelang. Hore 's seo e khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso.
Ka DNA, ho na le nucleotides tse 'nè:

• adenine - A;
• guanine - G;
• cytosine - C;
• thymine - T.

Di khethiloe ka litlhaku tse khōlō ka Latin kapa (ka lingoliloeng Russia) Serussia.
The RNA boetse e na le nucleotide tse 'nè, empa e mong oa bona e fapane le DNA ea:

• adenine - A;
• guanine - G;
• cytosine - C;
• uracil - W.

nucleotides tsohle di lokisetsa ka ketane, e leng e fumana ka Helix habeli ea DNA le RNA - e le masoha.
Liprotheine li thehiloe mashome a mabeli amino acid, ao ho 'ona ba ile ba ba a lokisetsa ho le tatelano itseng e behilweng ke thepa lona tsa likokoana-hloko.

The thepa ya khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso

Triplet. The ya ka yuniti ya khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso e na le litlhaku tse tharo, ke triplet. Sena se bolela hore o teng mashome a mabeli-tharo-amino acid khouthollotsweng ke nucleotides itseng, e bitsoang codons kapa trilpetami. Ho na le tse mashome a tšeletseng a metso e mene tlhakantsuke e ka a bōpa ho tswa ho nucleotides bane. palo ena e fetang ka ho lekaneng hore encode le mashome a mabeli amino acid.
Degeneracy. E mong le e acid e amino tšoana le codon ho feta feta a le mong, ntle le methionine le tryptophan.
The ikhetha. codon mong encodes e amino acid e le 'ngoe. Ka mohlala, ka phatsa ea lefutso ea motho ea bophelo bo botle le tlhahiso leseding ka tsa hlaseloa haemoglobin tsa beta triplet GAG le GAA encodes acid e glutamic. Le bohle ba kulang le khaello ea mali sekele-seleng, nucleotide mong e nkeloa sebaka.
Collinearity. The amino acid e tatelano kamehla tšoana le tatelano nucleotide e nang le liphatsa tsa lefutso.
The khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso e tsoelang pele le diseke ee, e bolelang hore ho ke ke ha etsa "matšoao a puo". Ke hore, ho qala ka codon ho khetheha ke readout e tsoelang pele. Mohlala, AUGGUGTSUUAAUGUG ho bala e le: Aug, GUG, TSUU, AAC, GUG. Empa ha Aug, ugg joalo joalo kapa ho seng joalo ho seng joalo.
Versatility. O ke o mong ka ho feletseng bakeng sa lintho tse phelang tsohle tsa lefatše, ho tloha ho batho ho tlhapi, li-fungus 'me libaktheria li.

tafole

Tafole ha e hlahise amino acid tsohle. Hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, phosphoserine, iodo tyrosine, cystine, 'me ba bang ba ba bang ba sa le teng, hobane di tswang acid tse ling amino khouthollotsweng ke mRNA le sephetho le protheine ka mor'a phetolo ka lebaka la phetolelo.
Hobane khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso e tsebahala thepa le khonang ho e mong codon khouto mong acid e amino. Kantle ke mesebetsi eketsehileng le khouto valine le methionine, le khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso. MRNA, ha qalong ea codon e, o kopanela tlōlong ea tRNA hore jarelang formylmethionyl-. A se a phethile tswakana, 'me e e khomaretse ka boeona e hapa bakeng sa khōlō formyl, fetoloa methionine masalla. Kahoo, codons holimo ke initiators tswakana ketane polypeptides. Haeba ba ne ba ha di qalong, o na e fapaneng ho batho ba bang.

lesedi liphatsa tsa lefutso

Tlas'a khopolo ena e fana ka maikutlo ho thepa lenaneo, e tšoaetsanoang ka ho tswa ho baholo-holo ba ka. Ho itšetlehile ka lefutso ka khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso.
Sebediswa ho protheine tswakana khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso RNAs (acid ribonucleic) :

• Information le RNA;
• tRNA lipalangoang;
• E leq-ribosomal RNA.

Information e fetisoa feedforward (DNA-RNA-protheine) le kgutlisetsa morao (e mahareng-protheine-DNA).
Phelang ka fumana, store, phetiso, le sebelisa ka nako e tšoanang ka tsela e atlehang ka ho fetisisa.
Ntse a isoa ke lefa la, tlhahisoleseding e etsang qeto ea hore tsoelo-pele ea ntho e phelang. Empa ka lebaka la sebelisana le tikoloho ea itsoara joang ka ea ho qetela e fosahetse, 'me kahoo ho iphetola ha lintho le ho tsoelo-pele. Ka tsela eo 'mele o e beha litaba tse ncha.

Manolotsoeng ea melao ea baeloji ea limolek'hule le ho sibolloa ha khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso li bontšoa hore ke ho hlokahala hore ho hokela liphatsa tsa lefutso le khopolo ea Darwin ka motheo oa hore ho na le e ne e le khopolo ea a maiketsetso a ea ho iphetola ha lintho - bao e seng oa classic baeloji.
Lefutso, phetoho le kgetho tsa tlhaho Darwin go tlaleletswa liphatsa tsa lefutso e behilweng ke kgetho ena. Ho iphetola ha lintho e kenngwa tshebetsong ka phahameng ka ho liphatsa tsa lefutso ke phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso tšohanyetso le lefa la, le litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tseo re ka ho fetisisa ikamahanya le tikoloho.

Decoding motho khoutu

Ka nineties ho, qala morero Human liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho fellang ka likhechana tse peli-tse sekete ne a fumana ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, ba nang le 99,99% ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ea batho. O Ile a Lula likhechana sa tsejoeng hore u se ke ua kenya letsoho ha ho tswakana liprotheine le ha ba khouthollotsweng. karolo ea bona e ntse e sa tsejoeng.

Lintho tse sibolotsoeng morao tjena ka 2006 chromosome 1 ke telele ka ho fetisisa ka liphatsa tsa lefutso e. mafu a fetang makholo a mararo a mashome a mahlano, ho akarelletsa le kankere, a bakoa ke maloetse a le liphetoho tse bang teng ka eona.

Karolo e phethoang ke lithuto tse joalo li ke ke tsa overestimated. Ha ho buloa, eo ke khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho ile ea tsebahala ka melao e ntshetsopeleng, thehoa ka sebopeho morphological, boikutlo ba kelello, predisposition ho itseng mafu a, metabolism le likoli tsa batho ka bomong.