Karolo e phethoang ke likokoana-hloko tsa amino acid le dikopo tsa bona

ke karolo ea lintho tse phelang tsa amino acid eng? A re ke re leka hammoho ho fumana karabo ea potso ena. Hlwaya makgetheng mehaho ea sehlopheng sa metsoako manyolo, lik'hemik'hale thepa ea bona, tšimo e khōlō ea kopo.

lesedi tsa histori

Pele bulehileng amino acid e glycine ne. Ho ile tsa maiketsetso ka 1820 ke acid e hydrolysis ea edible gelatin. The ile a fihlela qeto amino acid e Sebopeho sa protheine molek'hule e ne e le feela ka bohareng ba tse lekholo tse fetileng, ho ne ho ka nako eo o ile a senola amino acid e - threonine.

mesebetsi ea motheo

Ka nako eo, ho na le tse ka bang 300-amino acid tse phetha mesebetsi e sa tšoaneng 'meleng.

e ka sehloohong likokoana-hloko karolo e phethoang ke seo -amino acid? Mashome a mabeli ba tsona li nkoa tekanyetso (proteinogenic), hobane ke karolo ea ea mantlha ea limolek'hule le protheine.

metsoako tsena ke karolo ea liprotheine tse itseng. Oksiprilin motheong oa collagen, elastin thehoa desmosine.

Ba e ka ba intermediates ka dithulaganyo tshilong ya dijo. Joalo ke mosebetsi wa citrulline, ornithine.

The tsa likokoana-hloko mosebetsi oa amino acid e le ke tswakana tsa nucleotides, polyamides. Carbon ketane ea metsoako sebediswa ho etsa lintho tse ling tse manyolo:

• Tsoekere e tsa maiketsetso tloha amino acid glucogenic;
• Lipids di thehoa metsoako ketogenic.

Karolo e phethoang ke likokoana-hloko tsa amino acid e le monyetla oa ho sebelisa ha bona bakeng sa boikemisetso ba lihlopha tsa tshebetso. Cysteine e sebediswa bakeng sa boitsebiso tsa sehlopha sulfate. Aspartate e sebelisoa ka ho hlwaya ka amino sehlopha.

nomenclature Features

Tsela ea ho nepo hlwaya amino acid? Sebopeho, tlhophiso, seabo likokoana-hloko tsa metsoako tsena li nkoa, esita le ka 'nete hore ba curriculum.

-amino acid tse derivatives ea acid carboxylic, ho hlophisoa tse athomo hydrogen e mong e nkeloa sebaka ke e amino sehlopha.

Ho itšetlehile ka lefelo la lihlopha tsa tshebetso ka komponeng e 'ngoe e ka' na isomers 'maloa. Litsebi tsa metsoako sebelisa tse tharo feela fapaneng nomenclature: kwalwang, reng letho, e hlophisitsoeng.

mabitso a sa reng letho tsa metsoako tsena li amahanngoa le mohloli oo ba ne ba ka thōko. Serine kenyelletsoa le silika protheine, glutamine fumanoa gluten lijo-thollo. Cystine teng majoe senya.

lebitso kwalwang e amanang le carboxylic acid e sehlahisoa, le khutsufatso sebelisoa bakeng sa mme bo hlalosang lefelo la tatelano ea-amino acid ka protheine molek'hule. Ka Biochemistry ke mabitso a sa reng letho le khutsufalitsoeng la metsoako tsena.

tlhophiso ea-amino acid

E le hore re utloisise karolo e phethoang ke seo likokoana-hloko tsa amino acid le ho sebelisa tsa bona, e tla lula ka tlhophiso ea mefuta eno ya metsoako manyolo.

Hona joale, mefuta e 'maloa ea tlhophiso:

• ke tse khōlō;
• ka tekanyo e sa polarity;
• ea mothofatso tswakana 'meleng.

Ho ea ka tse khōlō sebopeho mefuta e fapaneng ya-amino acid thōko ka k'hemistri manyolo.

Metsoako aliphatic ka ba le carboxyl mong le amino sehlopha, tabeng eo ba monoaminokarbonovymi metsoako.

Ha lihlopha amino tse peli COOH le thepa mamelwang ba bitsoa dintho monoaminodikarbonovymi.

Hape secrete diaminomonocarboxylic le diaminodikarbonovye amino foromo acid e.

Mefuta Cyclic fapana, eseng feela ka palo ea lipotoloho tse, empa hape ho hlophisoa bona ya boleng.

Ke Lehninger, ho amino acid tse arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 'nè ho ea ka peculiarities ya hydrocarbon khōlō itsoara joang ka metsi:

• hydrophobic;
• hydrophilic;
• hlonamisitsoe - qosoa;
• Ka sebele-qosoa.

Ho itšetlehile ka bokhoni ba ho synthesize le amino acid e ka 'mele oa motho secrete bohlokwa (ketso le lijo), le mefuta e fapanyetsana.

karolo e phethoang ke likokoana-hloko tsa acid e, alpha-amino e se e proven ke liteko tse ngata tsa saense.

thepa 'meleng

amino acid li tšoauoa? Nomenclature, thepa le mosebetsi likokoana-hloko tsa metsoako tsena e ile ea ithaopela ho ba fumaneng mangolo dikolong profinseng tlhlahlobo momahaneng ka thuto ea k'hemistri. acid tsena manyolo ke hang-hang qhibilihang ka har'a metsing, na qhibiliha ntlha phahameng.

mosebetsi oa tsona oa Optical e loketseng ho ba teng ka limolek'hule tsa sa karolelano k'habone athomo (Kantle feela ke glycine). Ke ka lebaka leo L- le D-stereoisomers ea acid e amino 'nile ha fumanoa.

Isomers tsa L-letoto la lihlooho tse fumanoang ka ho hlophisoa ha protheine liphoofolo. Boleng tsa index hydrogen tsa metsoako tsena e fapaneng 5.5-7.

thepa lik'hemik'hale

Nahana amino acid tse ngata. Sebopeho, lik'hemik'hale thepa, likokoana-hloko likarolo tsena manyolo dintho ba lokela ho tseba.

The khethehileng tsa thepa lik'hemik'hale ea-amino acid itšetlehile ka duality bona. Lebaka Amphoteric ke ho ba teng ha lihlopha tse peli tsa tshebetso tsa acid tsena manyolo.

Ho ba teng ha carboxyl sehlopha COOH etsa metsoako tsena tsa tlhaho asiti. Ba habonolo itšoara ka tšepe e sebetsang, oxides motheo, a alkali. Hape, thepa asiti ea metsoako tsena manyolo e bontšitsoe esterification itsoara joang ka (ka alcohols ho theha esters).

-amino acid e ka boela ea lik'hemik'hale itšoara ka letsoai ho thehoa ka acid fokolang matsoai. E le mohlala oa joalo ba ikutloa ka tsela e ka nkoa e le sebelisana tsa amino acid le carbonates le bicarbonates.

The thepa ka sehloohong ea sehlopha sa hona ke ho amino bokhoni ba acid oa ho nka khato ka acid e meng ka amino sehlopha. Ena theha letsoai.

The tsa likokoana-hloko phetha karolo ea decarboxylation tsa amino acid hore foromo e sa jele paate tikoloho e ka ho feletseng ho batla ho bolokehile ho ba phelang phelang.

Ninhydrin teko ka khona ho utloa-amino acid tse tharollo. Ha e le hantle ea kamoo ba ileng ke hore tharollo colorless tsa ninhydrin ka sebelisana le asiti amino e tla condense ka mokgwa wa dimer e ka naetrojene athomo e khomaretse ke amino acid e lekanang.

The pigment sephetho le e na le bo bofubelu mala o filoletovy phaella moo, decarboxylation ea-amino acid le hlaha, ho fellang ka ho thehoa ho se itseng aldehyde le carbon monoxide (4).

Ho ninhydrin karabelong e sebediswa ke litsebi tsa baeloji ea ho hlahloba sebopeho e ka sehloohong ea limolek'hule protheine. Ho ea ka 'mala matla ka lemoha ditirisanommogo amino acid e dikahare ka tharollo ka lekhetlo la pele, ka lebaka leo e and analysis tšoanang e loketseng ha ho hlwaya amino acid e ea mahloriso.

liphetoho itseng

The amino acid, ho phaella ho lihlopha carboxyl le amino, ka 'na na le lihlopha tse eketsehileng mesebetsing. Bakeng sa boikemisetso ba bona ba ho dilaboratiriamong ke lipatlisiso etsa liphetoho ya boleng.

Arginine ka ho tsejoa ka motsoako ka ho etsa ya boleng Sakaguchi itšoara joang (guanidine sehlopha ka). Cysteine ka ho laolwa ke Foll, e itseng bakeng sa-lihlopha Sh.

nitration (ksantoproteinovaya karabelong) itsoara joang ka thusa ho netefatsa ho ba teng ka motsoako oa amino acid nkhang hamonate. Millon itšoara joang ke ea bonoa tsa sehlopha hydroxyl ka lesale nkhang hamonate tsa tyrosine.

Features ya peptide tlamo e

Seo ba tsebahala ka sebabole amino acid? karolo ea bona ea lintho tse phelang e amanang le ho thehoa ha limolek'hule tsa peptides. Ka sebelisana pakeng tsa molek'hule multiple amino acid e e arola theoha limolek'hule tsa metsi le litlhaka kahare amino acid e ka tsela e peptide (amide) tlamo e ya ho theha peptides.

palo ea litlhaka kahare amino acid e le hore theha polypeptide fapana haholo. Tseo peptides hore na ha ho na tse fetang leshome litlhaka kahare amino acid e, o ile a bua ka hore ke oligopeptides. Lebitso la metsoako sephetho hangata bontša palo ea litlhaka kahare amino acid e.

Ha ho hlophisoa ha ntho e nang le litlhaka kahare ho feta leshome amino acid e, e leng metsoako e li bitsoa polypeptides. Bakeng sa metsoako tseo tse akarelletsang litlhaka kahare tseo tse fetang mashome a mahlano amino acid e, sehlahisoa sa tswakana tsa protheine bitsoang kateng.

Kahoo, li-hormone glyukagen, eo ho eona sebopeho ho na le 29 amino acid hore litsebi tsa baeloji bitsa hormone. litlhaka kahare amino acid e qalang monomers nkoa acid manyolo tse thehoa ho tswa ho motsoako proteinaceous.

The masalla amino acid e hore e tlalehiloe ka ho le letšehali, e na le amino sehlopha, e bitsoang N-seemelong sekhechana ba le carboxyl sehlopha, ho ea ka C-bolaeang, ho hangata e ngotsweng ka le letona.

Ha reha lebitso la sephetho le polypeptide amino khutsufalitsoeng acid e sebelisoa, ho tloha eo e thehoa. Ka mohlala, haeba sebelisana le e-ba teng ka ho glycine, serine, alanine, nkiloeng tripeptide tla bala glitsilserilalanin.

Bohlokoa ba acid itseng amino

Glycine (aminoacetic acid) ke mofani ea likhechana k'habone tse hlokahalang bakeng sa sebopeho sa haemoglobin, pyrrole, choline, nucleotides, hammoho le bakeng sa tswakana tsa creatine.

Serine ena e le teng ka a sebetsang a libaka tsa enzyme. asiti ena amino e hlokehang bakeng sa tswakana thulaganyou e phosphoprotein (tsa tlhaho lebese casein).

Glucogenic acid e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho etsa se mahareng, e phahameng sebopeho sa protheine molek'hule. komponeng Sena ke arabelang ho fetisisa tshebetso sehlopha, e le hore ntho ea hang-hang undergoes dithulaganyo ho kena moea-phokotso, tlama tšepe e boima e le metsoako insoluble. E ne e le a ea sebeletsang e le mofani sulfate sehlopha, tlhokeho ya ho tswakana ya dintho sebabole-e nang.

bofello

-amino acid tse amphoteric manyolo metsoako e nang le moelelo oa lintho tse phelang. Ho amino litlhaka kahare acid e ka ho tshebetso tswakana theha tatelano eo ke sebopeho e ka sehloohong ea limolek'hule le protheine. Ho itšetlehile ka joang ka ho toba lined fihlela mangeta amino acid e tsa maiketsetso protheine e itseng bakeng sa mong le e mong phelang phelang.