Ho noa melao-motheo ea metsi: GOST, SanPiN, taolo boleng lenaneo

Metsi - e 's ho elements, ntle le e leng e ka ba ho le thata ho ho hlaha ha bophelo Lefatšeng. 'Mele oa motho, joaloka lintho tsohle tse phelang, a ke ke teng ntle le metsi a fanang ka bophelo, hobane ntle ho tla se sebetse, se seleng ea ka' mele. Ka hona, le hlahlobo ya boleng ba metsi a nooang ke mosebetsi oa bohlokoa oa ho nahana mabapi le bophelo ba bona 'me phela nako e telele ea motho.

Hobaneng metsi

Metsi Busang - the karolo ea bobeli ea bohlokoa ba latelang moea. Ke teng ka lisele tsohle, litho tsa 'mele le lisele tsa' mele. Ho lubricates manonyeletso rona, moistens le leihlo le lera la mucous, e amehang tabeng ea ho thermoregulation, ho thusa ho monya limatlafatsi tse ngata le lipontšo tse sa hlokahaleng, thusa lijana pelo le mali, eketsa tšireletso ea 'mele ea ho le thusa loantša khatello ea maikutlo le mokhathala, o laola metabolism.

Ka letsatsi la motho feela ea tloaelehileng lokela ho noa a etsang dilitara tse peli ho tse tharo tsa metsi a hloekileng. Sena ke bonyane leo re itšetleha bakeng sa boiketlo ba rōna le bophelo bo botle.

Phelang le ho sebetsa tlas'a moea-masusu, e omeletseng le hampe ventilated libakeng tse, e ngata ea batho ba ba potolohileng, tšebeliso ea lijo e fokolang ya boleng, kofi, tee, joala, ho ikoetlisa - tsohle ena isang dehydration le hloka metsi a eketsehileng.

Ho le bonolo ho nahana hore ho boleng ena ea metsi a bophelo ntle ho lokela ho ba le thepa e loketseng. ke eng boleng litekanyetso tsa metsi a nooang ka Russia kajeno le hore ho na le e le hantle lokela ho 'mele ea rōna? Ena hamorao.

metsi a hloekileng le bophelo bo botle ba batho

Ya e le hantle, mong le e mong oa tseba hore metsi ao re a sebelisang o lokela ho ikhethang hloeka. Silafalitsoe ea nang le bokhoni ba ho baka mafu a tšabehang tse kang:

• K'holera.
• Letšollo.
• Feberu ea mala.
• Hookworm.
• Nyooko.
• Feberu.
• Brucellosis.
• Tse sa tšoaneng parasitic tsoaetsanang.

Ha e le ea khale, mafu ana a ba bophelo bo botle ba fokola 'me o ile a nka bophelo ba batho ba metseng e ka kakaretso. Empa kajeno, ditlhoko boleng metsi lumella ho re sireletsa libaktheria tsohle pathogenic le likokoana-hloko. Empa ho phaella ho microorganisms ka metsi a ka ba le boemo ba leholimo tse ngata tsa tafole nako le nako, e leng le tshebediso ya ea kamehla ea ngata ho ka etsa hore maloetse a tebileng.

Nahana ka tse ling likarolo kotsi lik'hemik'hale

• Feteletseng tšepe e metsi e etsa hore kulisa le lefu liphio.
• A kgolo mankanese dikahare - phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso.
• Ha maemo e phahameng ea chloride le sulfates ke irregularities lemohiloeng ka pampitšana ea gastrointestinal.
• The feteletseng magnesium le khalsiamo dikahare metsi e fana ka seo ho thoeng ke se tenyetsehe le ho etsa hore ramatiki le lithiasis batho (a liphio, mosese le bladders nyooko).
• The fluorine dikahare holimo fapaneng tloaelehile isang le mathata a tebileng le meno le molomo cavity.
• Hydrogen sulfide, loto, arsenic - metsoako tsohle chefo bakeng sa lintho tsohle tse phelang.
• Uranus ka tekanyetso e phahameng ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi.
• Cadmium senyeha boko le habohlokoa hore zinki.
• Aluminium etsa hore sebete le liphio lefu, khaello ea mali, mathata a amanang le tsamaiso ea methapo, colitis.

Ho na le kotsi e tebileng ea feteng ditlwaelo SanPiN. metsi ba phelelang ho lik'hemik'hale ka sebelisoa kamehla (nako e telele) Ho noa ka etsa hore botahoa sa foleng, ho fellang ka ntshetsopele ya mafu ao a mabeli. Se ke la lebala hore mokelikeli hampe tšoaroa ka ba kotsi e seng feela ka-ja empa hape ananelang ka letlalo nakong kalafo metsi (nka shaoara, ho hlapa, ho sesa ka letamo).

Kahoo, re utloisisa hore liminerale le, macro-'me micronutrients, tseo tse ngata tse nyenyane tlisa feela re rua molemo, e feteletseng ho ka etsa hore se tebileng 'me ka linako tse ling u se ditlolo irreparable ka phelang eohle.

litsupa senotlolo (litekanyetso tsa hae) Tšobotsi ea metsi a nooang

• Organoleptic thepa - mala, tatso, monko, 'mala, ho sebeletsa pepeneneng.
• Toxicological - ba teng ha lik'hemik'hale tse kotsi (phenols, arsenic, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, aluminium, etella pele, 'me batho ba bang).
• Litsupa tse amang thepa ea metsi - satalla, ph, teng ha oli, nitrate tšepe, a mankanese a, potassium, sulfide le tse ling tse joalo.
• Ka tjhelete e ya setseng ka mor'a sebetsana lik'hemik'hale - chloride, silevera, chloroform.

Kajeno ditlhoko tsa boleng metsi Russia ba ka thata-thata haholo le laoloa ke melao bohloeki le ditlwaelo SanPiN khutsufalitsoe. metsi a phallang ho tloha tlanye noa, ho latela litokomane tsa taolo, e lokela ho ba e le le hloekileng le hore e ka chesa sa tšabe ho bophelo ba bona. Empa ka bomalimabe, hlile sireletsehileng, kristale hlakileng le esita le thuso e ka bitsoa feela ka ho ba sethaleng sa dibaka tsa ho phekola. Ho ekelletsa moo, a fetela ka khale, hangata Rusty le apara tse nthja phepelo ea metsi, ho e sa ba phelelang ho microorganisms molemo mineralize le esita le kotsi lik'hemik'hale dintho (loto, mercury, tšepe, chromium arsenic).

Moo nka metsi bakeng sa liindasteri ho hloekisa

• Matamo (matša le linōka).
• mehloli e ka tlas'a lefatše (boreholes, liliba).
• Pula le meltwater.
• metsi Desalinated e letsoai.
• Metsi ho tswa icebergs ena.

Hobaneng metsi a silafetseng

Ho na le mehloli e 'maloa tsa tšilafalo ea metsi :

• Municipal litšila.
• Kopanetsweng litšila.
• Industrial effluents.
• Plums litšila liindasteri.

Metsi: Standard (tloaelehile)

ho ditlhoko metsi lipompo Russia li laoloa ke litloaelo la SanPiN 2.1.1074-01 le GOST. Mona ke tse ling tsa litsupa senotlolo.

State taolo ya boleng metsi

Taolo boleng lenaneo la metsi a nooang le akarelletsa kgetho ea kamehla ea disampole pompo ea metsi le ka ho feletseng e lekiloeng e ka ho feletseng. palo ea inspections itšetlehile ka palo ea baahi ba ile a sebeletsa:

• Ka tlase ho 10 000 ba - habeli ka khoeli.
• 10 000-20 000 batho ba - ka makhetlo a leshome ka khoeli.
• 20 000-50 000 batho ba - makhetlo a mashome a mararo ka khoeli.
• 50 000-100 000 batho ba - makhetlo a lekholo khoeli.
• Ho feta moo, e 'ngoe tse eketsehileng cheke bakeng sa mong le e mong le batho le 5000.

Metsi a tsoang lilibeng tse le boreholes

hangata haholo, batho ba lumela hore metsi a tsoang lilibeng tse le liliba e molemo ho feta pompo ea metsi le ke loketseng bakeng sa ho senoa-mapholi. Ha e le hantle sena hase 'nete. Mohlala metsi ho tswa ho mehloli e joalo ke hoo e ka bang kamehla bontša unsuitability lona bakeng sa ho noa esita le ka mokgwa wa e belang la ho ba teng ha e kotsi 'me a silafalitsoe magweregwere, tse kang:

• Organic metsoako - k'habone tetrachloride, acrylamide, vinyl chloride le matsoai a mang ..
• Inorganic metsoako - melawana feteletseng zinki, loto, nikele.
• Microbiological - E. coli libaktheria.
• tšepe e boima.
• Chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.

Ho qoba mathata a bophelo bo botle, metsi a tsoang lilibeng tse ohle le liliba lokela ho hlahloba bonyane habeli ka selemo. Ho fetisisa ka etsahala hore ebe, mora mohlala, bapisa sephetho le litekanyetso tsa ho noa boleng metsi tla ba le ho beha ema tsamaiso ea filthara le ntjhafatsa ba kamehla. Hobane metsi a tlhaho a lula a ho fetola 'me le ntse ntlafalitsoeng, le diteng tsa litšila ho tla boela fetola ha nako e ntse.

Kamoo ho hlahloba metsi u ithata

Kajeno nyehlisitsoe ho na le nomoro ya e khōlō a maqheka khethehileng bakeng sa liteko lapeng la ba bang litsupa ya boleng ba metsi. Empa ho na le boetse ho na le e bonolo ka ho fetisisa le ho fihlella ka litsela tsa mong le e mong:

• Lekanngwang ho ba teng ha letsoai le litšila. lerotholi e mong oa metsi ba lokela ho ho sebediswa ho hloekisa khalase le ema ho ho fihlela e omileng ka ho feletseng. Haeba ka mor'a hore khalase ke ke a lula tlhalo, kahoo metsi a ka nkoa e le ka ho phethahetseng le hloekileng.
• Re bona hore ho ba teng ha libaktheria / microorganisms / lik'hemik'hale dintho / manyolo. Ho ke ke ho hlokahala hore ba tlatse tse tharo-litha e le nngwe nkho ea metsi, sekwahelo ebe o siea sebakeng se lefifi bakeng sa matsatsi a 2-3. Tala pakellanang marakong tla bontša ho ba teng ha microorganisms, seretse ka libanka le tlase - ho ba teng ha dintho eketsehileng manyolo holim'a filimi - tsa metsoako tsa lik'hemik'hale tse kotsi.
• metsi potability thuso fumana teko tloaelehileng le tharollo ea permanganate potassium. About 100 di ml ba loketse tharollo fokolang ea permanganate potassium lokela ho qhalloa fatše ka khalase ea metsi. Metsi e lokela ho ba tlas'a moriti bobebe. Ha moriti le fetohile ho mosehla - metsi ena e nkiloe ka molomo e sa kgothaletswa.

Ya e le hantle, bana ba teko lapeng ke ke nka sebaka sa and analysis tse qaqileng le tse netefatsa hore metsi a lumellana le melao ea naha. Empa haeba ho se na tsela ea ho nakoana etsa ka mokhoa mongobo laboratoring, e ke ho hlokahala hore ho retelehela ho bonyane khetho e joalo.

Moo le kamoo u ka nka metsi bakeng sa and analysis

Litloaelo tsa boleng ba metsi a nooang e mong le motho hona joale ka khona ho laola ba bona. Haeba ho na le libata masene hore metsi ho tswa tlanye ha kopana ditlhoko taolo, ho ke ke ho hlokahala hore ho feta ka disampole bona metsi. Ho phaella moo, e kgothaletswa ho etsa makhetlo a 2-3 selemo, haeba motho a sebelisa metsi a tsoang selibeng, ho hantle kapa selemo. Moo ho ea? Sena se ka etsoa ka lebatowa bohloeki le epidemiological seteishene (dinleyin) kapa tefello ea laboratori ea.

Nkoa ho hlahloba disampole metsi tla hlahlojoa ho toxicological, organoleptic, lik'hemik'hale le entsprechen microbiological ho latela melao-motheo ea tloaelehileng. Ho latela liphello tsa liteko laboratori ea ba tloaelehileng lintho ka dikgothaletso ho kenya tsamaiso ea eketsehileng karaoke set.

tsamaiso ea lehae filtara

Mokhoa oa ho boloka boleng ba metsi a nooang ho ea ka melao-motheo ea? Ke'ng se ka etsoang ho bracer haesale ya boleng phahameng ka ho fetisisa?

Tsela feela ea ho tsoa - ho seta ema tsamaiso ea filthara.

Ho na le-filter ka sebōpeho sa lipitsa, nozzles ka Crane le komporong ea mabokose - kaofela ha mefuta tsena ke loketse feela qalong ho molemo bakeng sa boleng ba metsi ho tswa ho o tlanye. Tse tebileng haholoanyane le e matla-filter (tlas'a teba, ema, magweregwere a) di feta ka tloaelo sebediswa bakeng sa tlhoekiso ea metsi libakeng tse sekisetsoang, ba mahaeng a ea teropong, Catering le ditheo.

Molemo ka ho fetisisa ke hole li nkoa filter e khethehileng le tsamaiso khutlisetsang osmosis. Joalo unit trust pele liphesente tse lekholo re hloekisa metsi a tsoang litšila tsohle, libaktheria, likokoana-hloko, 'me joale boela mineralizes liminerale tsa lona ka ho fetisisa. Ho sebelisoa ha metsi o motle joalo ke khona ho theha ajoa mali le tshilo ya dijo, 'me esita le lumella u ho pholosa ka theko ea metsi libotlolong.

Ho thoe'ng haeba ha ho na filtara

Kaofela ha rōna re ho tloha bongoaneng tloaetse ho noa metsi a belisitsoeng. Ya e le hantle, ho gets bukkake tlosa kotsi dikokwanyana, empa ka mor'a a phehile ho ka ba le ho feta kotsi bophelong:

• Matsoai tlas'a reflux precipitate.
• Oksijene e lahlehile.
• Chloro ka belang e, e bopa komponeng nang le chefo e.
• letsatsi le le leng ka mor'a hore metsi a ka a phehile fetoha ho ikatisa fatše bakeng sa mefuta eohle ea libaktheria.

Ho tloha ka tiisetso polokeho ya metsi a tsoang pompo ea ho, ha ho na e mong ka khonang, le filthara leha ho le joalo, ho tloha microorganisms ntse ho hlokahala hore tlosa ruri. Hopola tse ling melao ea "le thuso" e belang e:

• Pele u pheha metsi, e ke e ema ho lihora tse 2-3. Nakong ena ho fetisisa tsa chloride ho mouoane.
• Tima ketlele hang-hang ka mor'a hore taba. Tabeng ena, ka ho fetisisa le moneketsela thepa ea motheo e lokelang ho bolokoa, le likokoana-hloko 'me libaktheria li na le nako ea ho shoa.
• Mohla lebenkeleng metsi phehiloeng ka lihora tse fetang 24.