Ho Fana ka lisele tse ka matla. mehloli ea matla

From lisele tsohle tse phelang tse phelang, ka ntle ho likokoana-hloko. Ba fana ka tsohle ho hlokahala hore dithulaganyo bophelo ba dimela, kapa liphoofolo. Sele le ka 'na ka boeona e ba le' mele oa ka thoko. Le kamoo ka jwalo sebopeho rarahaneng ho phela ntle le matla a rōna? Ke 'nete hore ha ho joalo. Ka hona, na u etsa bonnete ba ho na le li-cell eneji ee? E thehiloe dithulaganyo tse tla tšohloa mona ka tlase.

Ho Fana ka lisele tse eneji ee: joang ha e etsahala?

lisele tse seng kae fumana matla a bona ho tloha ka ntle, ba ile ba hlahisa ho bona. lisele tse Eukaryotic na le mofuta ofe "liteishene". Le mohloli oa matla a ka seleng ke mitochondria - organelles hore ho etsa chelete. Ho ke tshebetso ya ho respiration seleng. Ka lebaka la eona, 'me ho na le boloka lisele le matla. Leha ho le joalo, ba ile ba ba teng feela ka limela, liphoofolo le li-fungus. Liseleng haelloa libaktheria mitochondria. Ka lebaka leo, ba na le ho etsa bonnete ba matla seleng e ke haholo-holo ka lebaka la ho tshebetso ya ho belisoa, 'me ha ho hema.

Sebōpeho sa mitochondria ho

Ho dvumembranny organelle, se hlahileng ka seleng eukaryotic ka tshebetso ya ho iphetola ha lintho ka lebaka la absorption ea lona molemo lisele tse prokaryotic. Sena se ka hlalosa taba ea hore ka mitochondria hlahisa DNA ea eona e le RNA hammoho le ribosomes mitochondrial hore hlahisa a lakatsa liprotheine organelles.

The lera ka hare o protuberances, tse bitsoang crista kapa maporogo. Christie le tshebetso ya respiration seleng.

e ka hare lera le life tse peli, e bitswang popeho. Ho lokisetsa lihaha-'mele, potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale ho hlokahala ho potlakisa lik'hemik'hale, hammoho le limolek'hule tsa RNA, DNA le ribosomes.

Lisele respiration - motheong oa bophelo

Ho nka sebaka ka mekhahlelo e meraro. A re ke re sheba mong le e mong tsena ka hloko.

Mokhahlelo oa pele - tsa go baakanyetsa

Nakong ea sethaleng sena, metsoako e rarahaneng manyolo li robehileng theoha ka pete. Joalo, le liprotheine bola ho amino acid, mafura - ho acid carboxylic le glycerol, acid e nucleic - ho nucleotides, le lik'habohaedreite - ho tsoekere ea phaellana.

glycolysis

Ho anoxic sethaleng. Ho itšetlehile ka taba ea hore ntho fumana ka mohato oa pele, li robehileng theoha ka ho eketsehileng. Mehloli ka sehloohong oa matla o sebelisoang ke sele mothating ona - ho limolek'hule tsoekere. E mong le e ba bona ba ka tshebetso ya ho glycolysis bola ho limolek'hule tse peli tsa pyruvate. O hlahellang lilemong tsa leshome latellanang lik'hemik'hale. Hobane pele tse hlano, tsoekere e phosphorylated, 'me joale e petsoha ka tse peli phosphotriose. Tse latelang liphetoho tse hlano hlahiswa limolek'hule tse peli tsa ATP (adenosine diphosphate) le limolek'hule tse peli tsa STC (pyruvic acid). lisele tse matla le e bolokwa ka mokgwa wa ATP.

Tsela eohle ea glycolysis ka tsela e bonolo ho hlalosa tjena:

2ADF 2NAD + + 2H ₃ PO ₄ + C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → 2H ₂ O + ^2NAD. + 2C ₂ H ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 2ATF

Kahoo, sebelisa molek'hule e 'ngoe ea tsoekere, limolek'hule tse peli tsa ADP le asiti phosphoric tse peli, ka seleng fumana limolek'hule tse peli tsa ATP (eneji ee) le limolek'hule tse peli tsa acid e pyruvic, eo e tla sebedisa ka mohatong o hlahlamang.

Mokhahlelo oa boraro - ho kena moea

mohato o hlahellang feela ho ba teng ha oksijene. lik'hemik'hale etsahala mothating ona oa mitochondria ena. Hore ena ke karolo e khōlō ea respiration lisele, e leng nakong eo a lokolloa matla ka ho fetisisa. Mothating ona, acid e pyruvic, a leka ho le oksijene, e khomaretse ho metsi le carbon dioxide. Ho feta moo, ho e etsa 36 limolek'hule ATP. Kahoo, re ka fihlela qeto ea hore mehloli tse khōlō tsa matla a lisele tse - tsoekere le asiti pyruvic.

Akaretsa le lik'hemik'hale itšoara joang, 'me siuoe dintlha, re ka bontša hore tshebetso eohle ea li-cell respiration mong nolofalitsoeng abel:

6D ₂ + C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 38ADF + 38H ₃ PO ₄ → 6SO ₂ + 6H2O + 38ATF.

Kahoo, nakong ea ho hema ho tloha tsoekere molek'hule limolek'hule tse tsheletseng oksijene mashome a mararo robeli limolek'hule tsa ADP le ka tsela e lekanang ea phosphoric seleng ea acid e fumana 38 ATP limolek'hule, le moo ka mokgwa ea matla bolokwa.

Ho se tšoane ba enzyme mitochondrial

Matla bakeng sa bophelo bo sa sele fumana ka lebaka la ho respiration - ho kena moea oa tsoekere, 'me asiti ebe pyruvic. All a itšoare tsena lik'hemik'hale ne a ke ke nka sebaka se se nang enzyme - likokoana-hloko ho etswa ha. A re ke re sheba bona ba li fumanoa mitochondria e - organelles le boikarabelo ba ho respiration lisele. Kaofela ha tsona ba bitsoa Ba oxidoreductases hobane ho hlokahala hore a itšoare ho kena moea-phokotseho.

oxidoreductases tsohle ka aroloa lihlopha tse peli:

• dihydrobenzophenanthridine;
• dehydrogenase;

Dehydrogenase, le eena, ba aroloa ka aerobiki. Aerobiki na ka sebopeho coenzyme bona riboflavin hore 'mele o fumana ho tswa ho vithamine B2. Aerobiki dehydrogenase di na le dipegelo limolek'hule ka coenzymes nad le NADP.

Oxidases tse ngata tse sa tšoaneng. Pele ho tsohle, ba ile ba ba aroloa lihlopha tse peli:

• tseo e nang le koporo;
• ba neng ba le eo e leng karolo ea tšepe e le teng.

Tsa pele kenyeletsa polyphenol, ascorbate, ho ea bobeli - catalase, peroxidase, cytochromes. qetellang ea, le eena, ba aroloa ka lihlopha tse 'nè:

• cytochromes ka;
• cytochrome b ka;
• cytochrome mdlody;
• cytochromes: d.

Cytochromes le na le ka sebopeho zhelezoformilporfirin bona, cytochromes e b - zhelezoprotoporfirin, ka c - ka go engwa legatong zhelezomezoporfirin, le d - zhelezodigidroporfirin.

Na ho ka ba le litsela tse ling ho hlahisa matla a rōna?

Ho sa tsotellehe ha e le hantle hore boholo ba lisele tsa fumana hore ka lebaka la respiration lisele, ho na le boetse ho na le libaktheria tse anaerobic ho ba teng hore u se ke ua hloka oksijene. Ba hlahisa matla a hlokahalang ke belisoa. Ena ke tshebetso eo ka eona lik'habohaedreite li robehileng theoha ka potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale ntle ho nka karolo ha oksijene, oo ka oona ka seleng le fumanetseng matla. Ho na le mefuta e 'maloa ea belisoa, ho itšetlehile ka sehlahisoa e qetellang ea lik'hemik'hale. Ho acid e lactic, joala, acid e butyric, monohalogen acetone, butane, acid e citric.

Ka mohlala, nahana ka belisoa tahang. Mona o ka hlahisa abel ena:

C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → C ₂ H ₅ OH + 2CO ₂

Ke hore, molek'hule e 'ngoe ea tsoekere pshatla baktheria ho molek'hule e' ngoe ea ethanol 'me limolek'hule tse peli tsa (IV) carbon monoxide.