Habeli letsoai: mehlala e le mabitso

Letsoai li arotsoe ka bohareng, asiti, ea motheo, habeli 'me e tsoakiloeng. Kaofela ha bona ba ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ka letsatsi le letsatsi, empa le ho feta - ho indasteri e. Ho utloisisa letsoai tlhophiso etsa ho ka khoneha ho utloisisa lintho tsa motheo tsa k'hemistri.

Mokhoa oa ho go arologana letsoai

A re ke re qala ka tlhaloso ya letsoai. Ba metsoako eo masalla asiti e tsamaisana le athomo tšepe. Ho fapana le litlelase tse ling tsa lintho tse, matsoai bakeng sa tloaelehileng ionic lik'hemik'hale tlamo e.

Litho tsa sehlopha sena sa tse arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 'maloa le litšobotsi tse itseng.

letsoai tloaelehile

Karolelano ea letsoai ka ho hlophisoa lona na feela itseng tšepe cations le masalla asiti. E le mohlala, metsoako e joalo ho ka boleloa sodium chloride, sulfate potassium. sehlopha sena e nkoa e le e atileng ka ho fetisisa ka karolong e ka holimo ea lefatše. Har'a mekhoa bakeng sa ba lokisetsa ho se noutu bona thulaganyou e neutralization atlehe pakeng tsa acid e le karolong e ka tlaase.

matsoai acid e

Sehlopha sena sa metsoako e na le tšepe, haedrojene le e masalla acid e. Theha metsoako tšoanang polybasic asiti: phosphoric, sulfuric, k'habone. Ka mohlala, e letsoai acid e le pharaletseng ka ho fetisisa bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi, ka ho builoeng sodium bicarbonate (bicarb). dintho joalo fumanoa ka itšoara joang pakeng tsa acid e le letsoai mahareng.

matsoai mantlha

tšepe cations ba teng le ka metsoako tsena, sehlopha hydroxyl le anions tsa moiety acid e. Mehlala ea letsoai mantlha ke k'halsiamo hydroxychloride.

letsoai e tsoakiloeng

matsoai habeli bolela'ng ho ba teng ha tšepe tse peli tse nka sebaka hydrogen ka acid e. Sebopeho sa dintho tsa tšoanang sebopeho bath ea acid polybasic. Mohlala, sodium potassium carbonate ba teng le tse peli feela a sebetsang a tšepe. Kopanetsoe tsoakiloeng letsoai ba le boleng tsa indasteri lik'hemik'hale, e ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ka letsatsi le letsatsi.

Features tsoakane letsoai

Habeli letsoai la potassium le sodium e leng lintho tsa tlhaho e le tsa sylvinite. Hape matla a ho eaba ba etsa e tsoakiloeng potassium-aluminium letsoai.

E tsoakiloeng (habeli) letsoai ke metsoako eo bopilwe anions tse fapa-fapaneng kapa cations. Ka mohlala, tera h ka sebopeho lona o anion hypochlorous le asiti hydrochloric.

Tsa thahasella ka ho khetheha ke kopanetsoe ammonium letsoai. Boholo ba ntho fumana e sebediswa e le manyolo ka.

Ba lokisetsa ho ea letsoai habeli ya ammonium o etsoa ke itšoara ammonia le acid polybasic. Diammonium laela ka tlhahisong ea retardants lelakabe (lelakabe retardants). Habeli letsoai nang ha litšila hlokahala ka liindasteri le meriana le lijo.

Industrial bohlokwa ammoniytsinkovye, magnesium phosphates. Ka lebaka la ho solubility hlokomolohuoang ka metsi, letsoai joalo sebetsa retardants mosebetsi ka pente le dipolasetiki.

Tsena letsoai habeli ke loketse bakeng sa impregnation tsa masela le patsi ho sireletsa bokaholimo khahlanong le mongobo. Tšepe le aluminium ammonium phosphates - mokgwa o motle haholo bakeng sa ho sireletsa tšepe dibopeho tloha ts'enyeho dithulaganyo tsa tlhaho.

Mehlala ea letsoai habeli ho ba le moelelo botekgeniki ho ka etsa hore tšepe le zinki. Ba sa ikatisa fatše bakeng sa khōlo e tomoso ka batloang ho tlhahisong ea mollo, kwahelang dihlahiswa, Mica.

baeti ba fihlelang

matsoai kopanetsoe ammonium tse lokiselitsoeng ke mogote ho tlala ea acid e phosphoric le ammonia itseng a alkali. Industrial thahasellong ea dimmoniyfosfat. E hlahisoang ke kalafo mogote ea ammonia le asiti phosphoric. Bakeng sa 'nete hore katleho tshebetso hloka mocheso oa likhato tse ka bophara 70 Celsius. Lewa e ama sebopeho sa e le pula ya aluminium phosphate le tšepe, le boetseng le kopo lona liindasteri.

Ba bang mathata a hlaha le mabitso habeli letsoai e loketseng ha e le hantle hore ba na le hoo acid e masalla kapa cations tse peli.

Magniyammoniyfosfat batloang ho indasteri lik'hemik'hale, 'me ka lebaka leo mokhoa lona ea pōpo e na le litšobotsi tse itseng. Neutralizing ka ammonia khase tse qotsitsoeng acid e phosphoric, eo e tsoakane le magnesium phosphate.

metsoako e rarahaneng

Pakeng tsa letsoai rarahaneng le habeli, ho na le ho se tšoane itseng. A re ke re leka ho fumana hore lintlha tsa letsoai e rarahaneng. sebopeho ea tsona a bontša ho ba teng ha ka Ion rarahaneng, e leng e bracketed. Ho phaella ho metsoako joalo joale complexing (Ion bohareng). O pota-potiloe ke likaroloana, e leng ba bitsoa ligands. Bakeng sa letsoai rarahaneng e tšoauoa ka dissociation stepwise. Ka ho ba sethaleng pele ke sebopeho sa Ion rarahaneng ka ealogy kapa anion. Ho ekelletsa moo, ho na le ke dissociation a leeme ya Ion rarahaneng ka ealogy le ligands.

Features letsoai Nomenclature

Fuoa hore ho na le ba bangata ba mefuta e fapaneng ya letsoai, nomenclature bona thahasella. Bakeng sa letsoai mahareng lebitso e hlahisoang e thehiloeng anion (chloride, sulfate, nitrate), eo e phaella ka ho re e le sehlooho Russia tšepe. Mohlala, CaCO3 - e khalsiamo carbonate.

The acid e phaella moo letsoai tšoauoa hydro- tselisa ka. Mohlala, KNSO3- hydrogencarbonate potassium.

Nomenclature mantlha letsoai ho akarelletsa ho sebelisa hydroxo tselisa ka. Kahoo, letsoai la Al (OH) 2Cl o bitsoa aluminium digidroksohlorid.

Ha sehlooho habeli letsoai nang cations tse peli, pele ho fana ka tlotla anion, joale thathamisa tšepe bobeli kenyelelitsoe kompone.

More dihlooho rarahaneng ke bath ea metsoako e rarahaneng. Ka k'hemistri ho na le karolo e itseng e khethehileng hore e sebetsana le 'thuto ea letsoai joalo.

Ha re hlahloba thepa meleng baemeli ba e fapaneng ya letsoai habeli, e ka ho hlokomela hore ba fapana haholo ka matla a bona a ho qhala ka metsing. Har'a letsoai habeli ke mehlala ea lintho tse nang le solubility molemo, ho etsa mohlala, sodium chloride, potassium. Har'a ka mokhoa o lekanyelitsoeng metsoako qhibilihang ka har'a kenyeletsa letsoai habeli ea acid phosphoric le silicic.

Ke thepa lik'hemik'hale letsoai habeli tse tšoanang le ho tloaelehile (karolelano) khona ho itšoara ka acid, matsoai a mang.

Nitrates le ammonium matsoai a thermally bole, eaba ba etsa lihlahisoa 'maloa itšoara joang.

Tabeng ea electrolytic dissociation tsa metsoako joalo ka fumanoa anions masalla le cations tšepe. Ka mohlala, ho bola ha ions ka sulfate aluminium potassium, ka tharollo ka lemoha aluminium le potassium cations le sulphate - ions.

Karohano ya metsoako ea matsoai

Fuoa hore liminerale tsa tlhaho ba le tse peli feela tsa tšepe, ho na le ke hlokahala hore ho arole ba. Har'a litsela tse ngata ho arohana motsoako oa letsoai ka thōko palophatlo crystallization. Mokhoa ona e akarelletsa ho qhibiliha selelekela tsa habeli letsoai, karohano lona morago ga moo e be metsoako e fapaneng, ka nako eo crystallization. Joalo fapaneng karohano ya metsoako amanang le litšobotsi meleng dintho ka. Ha arola motsoako oa mekhoa lik'hemik'hale, reagents ba khethoa hore ba boleng bo phahameng bakeng sa cations itseng kapa anions. Ka mor'a pula ea likarolong tse ling habeli letsoai pula e tlosoa.

Haeba ho hlokahala, ho arohana ea tsamaiso ternary eo ho eona ho ke mohato o tiileng, le emulsion joale e etsoang ke centrifugation.

bofello

matsoai habeli fapana tse ling mefuta e sa letsoai ho ba teng ha ka moralo oa tšepe tse peli. Foromo e hloekileng, metsoako joalo ba ka seoelo sebediswa haholo-holo pele ba bona ba arohane ka mekhoa e 'meleng kapa lik'hemik'hale,' me joale ile a sebelisa libakeng tse sa tšoaneng tsa tlhahiso ea liindasteri. The letsoai habeli sebelisoa indastering lik'hemik'hale e le mohloli oa ho plurality tsa lik'hemik'hale o ile a batla.