Balehela dimela: sebopeho le mosebetsi

Makala a ba limela tse thunyang, baemedi ho fetisisa evolutionarily e tsoetseng pele tsa 'muso oa tlhaho, tse fapa-fapaneng haholo sebopeho le mosebetsi. Karolong e ka tlas'a lefatše tsa semela se bitsoang motso, aboveground - pholose. Ho pholoha semela phethahatsa mesebetsi bohlokwa: phapanyetsano khase, tala, transpiration, vegetative boikatiso le sebakeng sona homolog mabapi le letsatsi.

Origin ba phonyoha

Ka ho iphetola ha lintho ba 'mele ona hlaha ka bajaki ba pele ho naha - Rhyniophyta. Lona bakoa tse hahabang le makala forked e dinama tse nyenyane tse ho phetha molao feela ntse ile hampe ntshetswa pele. Empa esita le e joalo e sebopeho sa hlabolohang tsa photosynthetic eketseha holim ', e bolelang hore dimela phelang molemo fana lik'habohaedreite.

ke eng ho phonyoha ea limela

Ba phonyoha bitswa karolong teleskopbomlift tsa semela, e bopilweng ka e bakoang le makhasi. lihloliloeng tsena tsohle ke autonomic, ho fana ka kholo ea, phepo e nepahetseng le diplobiont.

Qoba dimela boetse e na le makala a rudimentary - liphio. Ho na le mefuta e sa tsoaneng tse peli tsa a liphio le: ho ikatisa le vegetative. The mofuta pele se entsoe ka e bakoang embryonic le lekhasi, tlhōrōng ea e lesela thuto (meristem) romelwa kgolo ya khoune. Haeba, kantle ho tswa ho bakoang le lekhasi Bud na qaleho ea lipalesa kapa inflorescence, e bitsoa ho ikatisa. Ka ponahalo, buds tsena khetholla boholo kholoanyane le sebopeho lekaneng.

Sebaka boo lakane e khomaretse ka bakoang le bitsoang noute, le sebaka se pakeng tsa nodes - internode. The hlaha ka lehlakoreng le pakeng tsa bakoang le lakane bitsoa sinus.

Mosebetsing oa ho ho hōla ka thunyana ho na le ba boholong boikarabelo ba ho ikatisa (ho kopanela liphate) ho ikatisa: lipalesa, litholoana le peo.

Ntshetsopeleng ya liphio ho phonyoha

Ka qala ho ea maemo a molemo ka nakong ea selemo ea lisele meristem ya ntlha hola ba ba qala ho abelana. Shortened internodes eketsa ka boholo, e leng ne a ka fella ka letlobo mocha ea semela. Ka holimo haholo ya bakoang ke buds bolaeang. Ba fana ka kgolo ya semela ka bolelele. Axillary le buds adventitious sebakeng axils lekhasi kapa interstices, ka ho latellana. Ka lebaka la liforomo bona bakoang letlobo lehlakoreng, 't. E. Makala.

semela branching litsela tsa

Ho itšetlehile ka sebopeho, ho na le litsela tse ling tsa branching letlobo:

1. Dichotomous. The mofuta fetisisa ea khale ea branching, eo ho eona ya tse peli, ho ntshetsa pele e le ntlha ya kgolo le e mong le ba bona ba babeli, le eena o, jj So hōla ba bang ba dimelametsing le dimela e phahameng spore: .. Club mosses le ferns.
2. Primopodialnoe. branching Sena se ka bonoa ka hore ba gymnosperms (phaene, phaene) le angiosperms (eike, maple leaf). nako e telele bakoa ea limela tsena ho hōla bolelele le sebopeho latelang ya branching lateral.
3. Sympodially. Ka mokhoa ona kgolo ya apical, ho fapana le hoo, ho e emisitswe. A buds lateral ba le ntseng le hōla ka mafolofolo, ho bōpa le ho feta letlōbō lehlakoreng. Pere, ciliegia le limela tse ling lipalesa ke mohlala o tloaelehileng oa mofuta ona ea ho hōla.

diphetolo letlobo

ke eng e balehe dimela le kamoo ho bonahala e le hantle, mong le e mong ea tsebang. Leha ho le joalo, maemo a tikoloho ba atisa ho batla hore ponahalo ea mesebetsi e eketsehileng. Ho ka ba bonolo ho fana ka makala a ba limela tse thunyang. Balehela fetotsoeng, fumana makgetheng ntjha mehaho, tabeng ena e na le likarolo tsa ba phonyoha e tloaelehileng.

The diphetolo ka sehloohong oa ho phonyoha ho kenyeletsa:

• Rhizome - e ka tlaase ho mobu, moo ho fetisisa e ntse e hōla tsekaletse. Na internodes o molelele o le buds, e leng ka holim'a metsi ka nako e tšoanelang makhasi hlaha. Ka lebaka leo, ho tloha dimela le rhizomes (khahla ea phula, joang bo koro, valerian) ke le thata haholo ho tlosa. Mora rusolla theoha makhasi, ho baleha ka boeona e sala ka har'a naha, ho hōla ka ho eketsehileng.

• Tuber - ka thickening ea interstitial le liphio - mahlo. Moemeli khanyang ea limela, e leng theha tubers, e litapole e. Hobane e ntse e hōla ka mobung, hangata ho ferekanngoa le motso fetotsoeng. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le tubers teleskopbomlift Ka mohlala, kohlrabi.
• Tleloubu - fetotsoeng dimela letlobo nang le makhasi a hantle ntshetswa pele teng ka lehlaka a bataletseng - Donets. Bath ya konofolo, onion, lalele, khahla. Ka hare-hare makhasi lero ipokellela limatlafatsi le bokantle ommeng ba sireletsa senya.
• Hlaba-hlabane - itebela hore pere, leoatle buckthorn, Hawthorn le limela tse ling. Ho ba ka axils lekhasi, ba ka katleho sireletsa limela le liphoofolo hore batla ho ja bona.
• Antennae - fetotsoeng letlobo Curly, kobomba misala mpona dimela ba maemong a itseng. Likomkomere, morara, maphutshe a le - ka dimela atileng ka ho fetisisa hore sebedisa sesebediswa sena.

• Litelu - tšesaane letlobo le internodes e telele. Fragole le fragola vegetatively sa jala eona ka thuso ea litelu ka.

Joalokaha u ka bona, dimela ba hlōmela na le likarolo tse ka tshebediso tla ama, 'na tsa fapana ho ea ka maemo a tikoloho le fa mong le e dimela lona ikhethang talimela.