Synecology ithuta tsamaiso ea tlholeho

Ekolotsi bapisoa le botaniki, ba bophelo ba liphoofolo le human anatomy ke le monyenyane likokoana-hloko taeo e hlaha lilemong tsa bo-bohareng ba bo-bo19 la lilemo. Ho hlahloba kamano ea lintho tse phelang le metseng ea bona le balekane ba bona le tikoloho 'meleng. E 'ngoe ea likarolo tse lona - synecology - hlahloba ekolotsi le lintho tsa lona tse phelang e leng karolo ea biogeocenosis: dimela, likokoanyana, li-mushroom, liphoofolo ka sebelisana le e mong le e tse ling. Saense ka boeona e nang le tšimoloho ea eona e leng mosebetsi oa litsebi tse kang L. Dollo, O. Abele, DN Kashkarov, VN Sukachev.

Sehloohong sena, re tla ithuta ho bopa dikgopolo tsa mantlha tsa karolo ekolotsi le fumana hore sebopeho le tšebetso ea tsamaiso ea tlholeho.

Biogeocoenoses dikarolo ka biosphere ho

Hammoho batho ba tsoang mefuta e fapaneng - baahi - phela segregated. Ba kopane ka baahi kholoanyane - biocenoses. Ho feta moo, har'a batho ba ka hare ho lintho tse phelang tikolohong e itseng ho hlaha mefuta eohle ea likamano, tse kang ho allelopathy, parasitism, mutualism, tlhōlisano, trofotsenoticheskie mabapi. Synecology ithuta kamano e pakeng tsa likokoana tse kenyelelitsoe lintho tse phelang tikolohong, le hlahloba ba khethehileng ba interspecies likamano tsa ea limela le liphoofolo tsa subsystems hore theha mokhatlo sehlahlo.

Ho boleloa eng ka oona tsamaisong tlholeho

Ho na le hona joale a boela a sebelisa litabeng tsa saense tikoloho hase feela lentsoe "biogeocoenosis", empa hape le ntho e kang "lintho tse phelang tikolohong", ea kenyelletsoa ke Arthur Tansley. Mantsoe ao ka bobeli a sebelisetsoa ho bua ka mekgwa ya tsa tlhaho le dikarolo tsa bona: fitosoobschestv le phoofolo baahi hore synecology lithuto thehiloeng maikutlo tsa interconnectedness tsa lintho tse phelang tsohle tse phelang le tikoloho ya bona. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore pakeng tsa dipehelo tse peli ha baa lokela ho ile ba bapisa. Poleloana e reng "biogeocoenose" fanoeng V. Sukachyov, jarelang le moelelo o moholo, ha e le mehahong tsa tlhaho le potoloho ea taba le matla a phallang etsahala ho 'ona. Empa khopolo ea "lintho tse phelang tikolohong" e atile, haholo-holo lingoliloeng tsa saense le e tloaelehileng, ka lebaka la ho aerodynamics lona hona joale o sebelisetsoa ho khetholla mefuta e fapaneng mefuta e sa mehahong likokoana-hloko tsa tlhaho le tsa maiketsetso.

Theory biogeocoenose V. N. Sukacheva

maikutlo a Scientist ho ile ha thehoa le tlas'a tšusumetso ea ba hlaheletseng Russia litsebi tsa baeloji Dokuchaev, ba kopanela tsa saense mobu, le Vernadsky - mothehi oa thuto ea ho biosphere ena. Ke kopantseng tsebo ea geochemistry, ea Forest, geobotany V. Sukachev bōpileng taeo e ntjha - biogeocenology. O ile a, hammoho le synecology - karolo ekolotsi, o ithuta ka kamano ea lintho tse phelang ka har'a biome e, ho hlahloba mekhoa ea kamano ea interspecific le baahi ba ka motho ka mong bao e leng ea phytoplankton le zoocenoses. Thehiloe likhopolo tsa rasaense, ba le dikarolo kaofela biosphere e feletseng ea bophelo ba, eo ho eona ho na le dithulaganyo tsa interconversion tsa biomass le matla. Ba sebeletsa e le motheo oa ketane lijo.

Li akarelletsa balemi - phelang autotrophic, haholo-holo limela. Lateloa consuments pele, ea bobeli, e le hore boraro, e leng heterotrophs.

The kgokahanyo ho qetela ka liketane lijo tse utilizers ea bafu manyolo taba - decomposers. Tsena li akarelletsa libaktheria mobu, li-fungus saprotrophs Hape ba bang ba likokoanyana. All lintlha tsa tlhaho tse sa pheleng, kenyelelitsoe lintho tse phelang tikolohong kang mobu, metsi, sepakapaka, li ne li bitsoa biotope.

Mekhoa ho etsa lipatlisiso synecological

Ka matsatsing a pele ea saense, bo-rasaense ba fumaneng ya data liteko ka thuso ea ho etsa lipatlisiso - maeto. Lilemong tsa bo-bohareng ba bo-bo20 la lilemo, mekhoa joalo fetohile ka sehloohong e le mokhoa liteko ema ho pota tracer, radiotreking. Lekholong la bo21 la lilemo, ho se ho le mafolo-folo tšebeliso Tracking ka thuso ea satellitari maiketsetso Earth bakeng sa motsamao oa baahi ba liphoofolo. Mohlala, kgolo cloven-hoofed liphoofolo, ngotsweng radiochipami. Fuoa 'nete ea hore synecology - karolo ena ekolotsi, o ithuta kamano e pakeng tsa palo e khōlō ea lintho tse phelang le mong ho e mong, bafuputsi o ile a sebelisa and analysis thuto ea lipalo le ho cybernetics. Ea bobeli e sebediswa bakeng sa ketsiso le bolela lintho esale pele ba dikarolo tse etsang litsamaiso tsa tlhaho.

Hore hlahloba phytosociology tshebetso

Dimela ke barupeluoa ba bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa lintho tse phelang tikolohong ea bophelo. Ka lebaka la tala, ba fana ka tsohle tse ling libōpuoa tse phelang lijo, e fana ka itseng eneji, le pokello. Synecology hlahloba kamano e pakeng tsa metsoako e le baahi ba phytocenosis tsa lintho tse phelang heterotrophic, likokoanyana, Meroho-le carnivores.

The floristic ho hlophisoa ha baahi dimela fetisisa biotsenozov rarahaneng haholo 'me a bitsa mefuta esita le boleng. phelang dimela ka lintho tse phelang tikolohong li emetseng ka mokgwa wa maemo, e leng bohlokoa bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ya niches tlholeho. Ho se tšoane tshekaletseng tsa dimela bitsoa litšoantšo, 'me ka lehlakoreng le leng ho layering e, hanyane itšetlehile ka bolelele ba motšehare. Empa e ke ka ho toba ka lebaka la mefuta e sa likamano, tse kang allelopathy le tlhōlisano. baahi dimela fetola dipharologanyo tsa bona ka lebaka la ho utloa morethetho circadian le successions, tse kang ho senngoa ha meru, geokataklizmy, mello moru.

Mabaka a dipharologanyo ea baahi ba baahi phoofolo

Joalo-rasaense ba tsejoa e le S. Severtsov, N. V. Turkin, C. L. Elton, o ile a ithuta liphetoho palong ea batho ba metseng ea intraspecific. Le Charles Hewitt qaptjoa poleloana e reng "le maqhubu a bophelo". A hlaha mehahong ea tlhaho le ka dithulaganyo trofotsenoticheskimi ke litsupa ya bokgoni ba biotic ea lintho tse phelang tikolohong eo. Ho ithuta dipharologanyo ditirisanommogo ea batho e le ea bohlokoa haholo e sebetsang bakeng sa mehato-ba khahlanong le seoa hore laola utloa morethetho circadian ea litoeba ho ikatisa, ho jala mafu a zoonotic, tse kang lefu la seoa le tularemia. Synecology Hape hlahloba tshusumetso ya mosebetsi batho ka zoocenoses boemo, ka ho khetheha le phokotso ea baahi ba mefuta e sa tloaelehang le kotsing, ho fokotseha ha palo ea baahi ea liphoofolo ka mokhoa oa thekiso ea bohlokoa.

Mefuta ea likamano tsa lintho tse phelang ho biomes ho

Hopola hore synecology - ekolotsi hore o ithuta le kamano e haufi pakeng tsa batho ba limela le liphoofolo. Tsena li akarelletsa mutualism, tlhōlisano, allelopathy. Ka mohlala, ka phytocenology telele o ne a tseba ea litaba tsa lumellane ho ba tse ling tsa limela le mong ho e mong: ba batsho lepa ntša chefo bakeng sa pome le lejoe tholoana lifate ntho thibela kgolo ya bona le fruiting, 'me hape ho etsa hore lefu la limela.

Mutualism - mofuta o mong oa ho phelisana ea baahi ba mefuta e sa tšoaneng, ho tloha eo lintho tse phelang e fumanang melemo e bobeli (e hermit lekhala le Anemone leoatle, flagellates hore phela ka mala ea likokoanyana le ho ba thusa heletsa selulose).

Energy phapanyetsano ka biosphere ho

Biogeocoenoses molao khetla phelang ea Lefatše, ho sokoloha e phethahatsoa ka biomass e le matla, 'me ke tsamaiso ea bulehileng. tsamaiso ea tsena tsa tlhaho hloka e tšubuhlellano ea sebelisa khanya. Phototrophs e sebelisa bakeng sa tswakana ya dintho manyolo, le limolek'hule tsa ATP le ₂ NADFhN. Synecology - ea saense hore o ithuta ntlafalo ka bobeli biomass le matla.

Ba na le pono ea phiramiti tlholeho le phepelo lona ketane. Dipharologanyo ea matla tswa tlaase boemong ba trophic ho latela taelo e phahameng melao e akaretsang ea fisiks, ho feta moo, phapang pakeng tsa maemo le matla la tse khonehang ea haufi tšoana le ho 10-20%, ha matla a setseng e matahoa a sa itlhompheng ka mocheso. Ka pampiri ena re sheba karolo ea ekolotsi - synecology, 'me a fumana mekhoa ea ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa lona,' me bohlokoa ba bophelo-tšehetso bakeng sa biosphere ena.