Asiti nitric

Matla monobasic acid e, e leng ka maemo a tekanyetso colorless mokelikeli eo fellang mosehla nakong polokelo e ka ba boemong ba ho tiileng, tšoauoa ka diphetolo pedi bonaletsang (monoclinic kapa orthorhombic lekhoakhoa) ka thempereichara e ka tlase ho tloswa 41,6 ° C. ntho ena le lik'hemik'hale moralo - HNO3 - nitric acid e e bitsoang kateng. E na le molare boima 63,0 g, / mole, ha segokanyipalo lona tšoana le 1,51 g, / cm³. asiti reflux mocheso e ne e 82,6 ° C, e tsamaea le li bole kapele 'ea (a leeme): 4HNO3 → 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2. acid e tharollo le karoloana boima ba ntho motheo ea 68% taba ka mocheso oa 121 ° C. The refractive index of ntho e hloekileng tšoana le 1.397. Acid e ka tsoakane ka metsi ka karo-karolelano leha e le efe 'me, kaha e le electrolyte matla, hoo e ka bang ka ho feletseng oa putlama ka ions H + le NO3-. Tiileng foromo - trihydrate le monohydrate ho ba le moralo: HNO3 • 3H2O le HNO3 • H2O ho latellana.

Nitric acid e - ts'enyeho mafolofolo, ntho nang le chefo e, 'me e matla oxidizing moemeli. Ho tloha Mehleng e Bohareng tsebahala hore lebitso la, e le "matla metsi» (Aqua Fortis). Rasaense ea ileng a fumana acid e lekholong la bo13 la lilemo, o ile a fa lebitso le ho etsa bonnete ba e sa tloaelehang thepa (corroded lirafshoa tsohle ntle le khauta), e fetisisang ka makhetlo a limilione tse matleng a acid e acetic, eo ka matsatsi ao e ne e nkoa e le mafolo-folo haholo. Empa esita le ka mor'a lilemo tse makholo a mararo ho 'nile ha fumanoa hore corrode, esita le khauta e ka ba motsoako oa acid tse kang nitric le hydrochloric ka bophahamo ba modumo karo-karolelano ea 1: 3, eo ka lebaka lena o bitsoa "Aqua regia". Ponahalo ea 'mala o mosehla nakong polokelo e ka lebaka la ho ho bokella oxides naetrojene ho eona. acid e fumaneha le mahloriso e le hangata ho 68%, mme ha dikahare tsa lintho tse bonahalang botlaaseng ba fetang 89% e bitsoang "fuming".

The thepa lik'hemik'hale ea acid e nitric, khetholla ho tloha hlapolla sulfuric kapa acid e hydrochloric hore HNO3 matla ho oxidant Ka hona ha ho mohla nkileng ka lokolloa hydrogen ka liphetoho le tšepe. Ka lebaka la thepa ea oxidative, e boetse e leka ho le bangata bao e seng tšepe. Le ka Maemong ao ka bobeli kamehla thehoa naetrojene dioxide e NO2. Ka liphetoho redox, le naetrojene hlaphoheloa le hlaha ho likhato sa tšoaneng: HNO3, NO2, N2O3, NO, N2O, N2, NH3, e leng e laolwang ke mahloriso ea acid e le mosebetsi oa tšepe e. Limolek'hule tsa metsoako ea thehoa e na le ea naetrojene ho ho kena moea boemo tsa +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, +3, ka ho latellana. Mohlala, koporo e oxidized le asiti khobokellane ho nitrate koporo (II): cu + 4HNO3 → 2NO2 + cu (NO3) 2 + 2H2O, le phosphorus - ho acid e metaphosphoric: P + 5HNO3 → 5NO2 + HPO3 + 2H2O.

Ho seng joalo le sebedisana ka le nonmetals hlapolla nitric acid e. Ka mohlala oa ba itšoara joang le phosphorus le: 3P + 5HNO3 + 2H2O → 3H3PO4 + 5NO bone hore naetrojene e fokotsoa hore mmuso divalent. Phello ke oxide e nitric le phosphorus e oxidized ho phosphate acid e. Khobokellane acid e nitric ka admixture le asiti hydrochloric qhalana khauta: Au + 4HCl + HNO3 → NO + H [AuCl4] + 2H2O le polatinamo: 3Pt + 18HCl + 4HNO3 → 4NO + 3H2 [PtCl6] + 8H2O. Ka liphetoho tsena, qalong, acid e hydrochloric e oxidized ka nitric chloride ho lokolloa, 'me joale theha e rarahaneng chloride tšepe.

asiti Nitric hlahisoang ka mokhoa oa thekiso o ile a fumana ka litsela tse tharo tse ka sehloohong:

1. Origin - itšoara ka letsoai le asiti sulfuric: H2SO4 + NaNO3 → HNO3 + NaHSO4. Nakong e fetileng, e ne e le tsela feela ea ho, empa le qaleha ea theknoloji e tse ling tse, e ha jwale sebelisoa ka laboratoring ea ho hlahisa fuming acid e.
2. Ea bobeli - ho ke ke ka tsela e selikalikoe. Ha moea fetang e selikalikoe motlakase ka mocheso oa 3000 ho 3500 ° C, e leng karolo ea naetrojene moeeng a leka ho le oksijene, eaba ba etsa naetrojene monoxide: N2 + O2 → 2NO, eo ka mor'a Cooling e oxidized ho naetrojene dioxide e (ha a itšoara ka phahameng mocheso monoxide le oksijene) : O2 + 2NO → 2NO2. Ka mor'a moo, hoo e batlang e, kaofela naetrojene dioxide, ho e feteletseng ea oksijene, qhalwa ho ya ka metsi: 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2 → 4HNO3.
3. Ea boraro - ena ke mokhoa ammonia. Ammonia e oxidized ka polatinamo sethothetsi ho naetrojene monoxide: 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O. La sephetho le likhase nitrous li folisoa, le thehoa naetrojene dioxide e, e leng e ananelang metsi. Ke mokhoa ona, acid e sa ho ba le ho tsepamisa mohopolo ea 60 ho ea ho 62%.

asiti Nitric ho pharaletseng sebediswa ho indasteri ho hlahisa lithethefatsi, lidae, liqhomane, menontsha nitric le asiti letsoai nitric. Ho phaella moo, e sebediswa bakeng sa ho shoa hoa tšepe (mohlala, koporo, etella sechaba pele, silevera) hore ha a itšoara ka acid tse ling. The mabenyane sebediswa bakeng sa boikemisetso ba tsa khauta ka motsoako le (ena ke mokhoa ya sehlooho).