Naetrojene dioxide e

Naetrojene lik'hemik'hale elements le athomo palo 7 teng 5 sehlopha ba tsamaiso Mendeleev nako le nako. Sena khase diatomic tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng ka ho lekaneng inert. Sepakapakeng ho Earth, ho entseng hore ho bolulong tse tharo. Karolo ea tšoauoa ka e latelang e re ho kena moea: -3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Ke karolo ea metsoako tse ngata. E mong ke bo bofubelu-sootho khase chefo (tšoauoa ka bokhoni ba ho halefisa pampitšana le ho hema, a etsa hore edema methapo ka concentrations phahameng), ho ba le tšobotsi e bohale, monko go utlwala - ke naetrojene dioxide. moralo ke NO2. Molare boima 46,01 g, / Mol. Segokanyipalo 2,62 g, / dm³. Belang ntlha 21 ° C. Ha qhalwa ho ya ka metsi a leka le eona. The refractive index of 1.449 (ho 20 ° C).

Naetrojene dioxide e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka k'hemistri sepakapakeng, ho akarelletsa le sebōpeho sa ozone tropospheric. Ka nako, e le e khōlō moeeng pollutant le lipakeng tsa tswakana indasteri ea acid e nitric, tse hlahisitseng limilione lithane tse selemo le selemo. Ena ke e 'ngoe ea tse' maloa oxides naetrojene (binary metsoako inorganic ea naetrojene le oksijene) le ho kena moea:

• Ke - N2O naetrojene oxide e;

• II - NO monoxide naetrojene;

• III - dinitrogen trioxide N2O3;

• IV - NO2 naetrojene dioxide le dinitrogen tetraoxide N2O4;

• V - dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5;

• trinitramide N (NO2) 3.

Naetrojene dioxide e e habonolo liquefied. O a boima ho feta moea. Tlas'a maemo a tlwaelehileng NO2 tsoakane (hoo e ka bang 1: 1) ho ntho colorless (dimer lona) N2O4. NO2 k'hemistri e hantle a utloisisa.

Ke itsoara joang ka metsi e hydrolyzed, le sephetho le e 'meli ha thehoa acid e (nitrous le nitric): 2NO2 + H2O → HNO2 + HNO3.

Ka liphetoho le matsoai a alkali di thehoa e acid tsena tse pedi: 2NaOH + 2NO2 → NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O.

O ke oxidant matla ba nang le bokhoni ba oxidizing SO2 ho SO3. Ka mokhoa ona e thehiloe thepa nitrous acid e sulfuric. The mahareng NO2 dintho tse ngata, ho akarelletsa le metsoako manyolo, sebabole, carbon le phosphorus, chesa.

Naetrojene dioxide e ka kakaretso tse hlahisoang ke ho kena moea oa naetrojene oxide e sepakapakeng oksijene: O2 + 2NO → 2NO2

Ka laboratoring, NO2 lokiseditsweng ho tse peli tse mehato: dehydration ba acid e nitric ho dinitrogen pentoxide, e leng e ka nako eo thermally bole:

2HNO3 → N2O5 + H2O,

2N2O5 → 4NO2 + O2.

Ka lebaka la li bole kapele 'mogote wa ba bang nitrates tšepe ka' na boela ho be le le hlahlelletse NO2:

2Pb (NO3) 2 → 4NO2 + 2PbO + O2.

oxide e ka etsoa ka ho itšoara nitric acid e (concentrated) ho tswa tšepe (mohlala, koporo):

4HNO3 + cu → 2NO2 + cu (NO3) 2 + 2H2O.

Tlas'a tšusumetso ea acid e nitric (concentrated) thini phaella ho naetrojene dioxide, acid e thini thehoa ka sehlahisoa ka:

4HNO3 + sn → H2O + H2SnO3 + 4NO2.

Ba bang ba mehloli oxide N2O4 (IV) o ile a hlalosoa e le ea naetrojene tetroxide. Empa ena ke misnomer, e le ntho e ke dinitrogen tetroxide. NO2 teng ka equilibrium le colorless khase N2O4: 2NO2↔N2O4.

Ho tloha ka ho leka-lekana ena ke exothermic, e ile a khaotsa ho lehlakoreng la NO2 ka thempereichara e phahameng le ka tlaase - ikutloeleng N2O4. Deamer fetelang ka ho mmuso tiileng ka mocheso oa ho tloswa 11,2 ° C. Ka mocheso oa likhato tse ka bang 150 ho bola: N2O4 → 2NO2, joale 2NO2 → 2NO + O2.

Nitric asiti e butle bei NO2, eo e fana ka bath mosehla mmala ea boholo ba disampole ea acid e ena:

4HNO3 → 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2.

Naetrojene dioxide e e habonolo lemoha ka monko esita le ka concentrations tlaase, inhalation tsa mouoane ho lokela ho qojoa. Mohloli o mong ba NO2 e fuming nitric acid e eo allocates NO2 ka thempereichara e ka holimo 0 likhato. matšoao a chefo (edema methapo) hangata hlaha ka mor'a inhalation tsa tekanyetso a ka bang kotsi ea lihora tse seng kae. Ho na le ba bang ba ka bopaki ba hore ka nako e telele ho pepesehela NO2 ka concentrations holimo 40-100 mg, / m³ a ka fokotseha mosebetsi ea matšoafo le eketsa monyetla oa hore matšoao a ho hema. Ka lithuto tsa ba bang ba bo-rasaense ba e thehilweng sehokelo lipakeng tsa mahloriso tsa NO2 le tšohanyetso syndrome, lesea lefu.

Naetrojene dioxide e thehoa dithulaganyo ho fetisisa go tuka ga molelo moo moea e sebediswa e le oxidant ena.

Ha thempereichara e phahameng, ho naetrojene kopanya le oksijene ho theha oxide e nitric: O2 + N2 → 2NO, joale NO e oxidized moeeng ho theha dioxide e O2 + 2NO → 2NO2:

1. Tlas'a sepakapaka mahloriso tloaelehile ke tshebetso lieha haholo.

2. Ka ho fetisisa ka etsahala hore ebe ba mohloli oa NO2 ke dienjini hare combustion e, dimela mogote ka matla 'me, ka tekanyo e monyenyane, makhasi ao Mills.

3. Khase heaters le sebopi boetse ho na le mehloli ea oxide e ena. naetrojene hlokahalang e hlahiswa ho feteletseng combustion e moea, e leng e sokolohela oxides naetrojene ka thempereichara e phahameng.

4. Ka malapa heaters parafine le heaters khase boetse ho na le mehloli ea NO2.

5. naetrojene dioxide e hlahisoang ka liteko sepakapakeng tsa nyutlelie (bo bofubelu mmala masheromo leru).

6. Libakeng tse ling tsa temo ea concentrations lona holim 'a ka finyella 30 g, / m³.

7. NO2 e hape ka tlhaho hlahisoang ke sealuma, pula.