Tsamaiso e khopo tsa likokoana-hloko: motheo oa khopolo le dipharologantsho tsa konokono

Likokoana-hloko oona tsamaisong - pokello ea boemo ba leholimo hore ba amana le itšetleha ka e mong le e tse ling tse, eaba ba etsa unit trust se nang balekane, ho phetha mesebetsi e itseng, hammoho le sebelisana le tikoloho kapa metsoako e meng 'me tsamaiso ea.

Ka sehloohong tshebetso thepa ea motheo ea litsamaiso tsa likokoana-hloko ba le maemo a fapaneng tsa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa le tlhophiso e loketseng. Tsena li akarelletsa limolek'hule bobeli motho le lisele tse, lisele le litho tsa ka hare, 'me tse phelang kaofela, baahi ba bona le lintho tse phelang tikolohong ba ntse ba feletse. likarolo tsena tsohle, ho qala ka phahameng ka ho organismic, ke khona ho ba teng ka bona, eaba ba etsa le maemo e lekanang ea ho iphetola ha lintho, e leng ponahalo ea phahameng ka ho fetisisa la boemo bo tlaase Biosphere.

Ke tla re hore e mong le tsamaiso e khopo tsa likokoana-hloko, ho sa tsotellehe thepa ea motheo e fapaneng constituent, tšoauoa ka lintho tse latelang:

• o etsa mosebetsi e lekanang;
• e tšoauoa ka botšepehi ba itseng;
• Ho na le subsystems bo fapaneng hōle;
• o fetoha le maemo, e leng liphetoho tse lekanang ka lebaka la exposures fapaneng tikoloho;
• Ho phaella moo, tsamaiso ea tsa likokoana-hloko e tšoauoa ka botsitso e lekanyelitsoeng 'me le bokhoni ba ho ntshetsa pele, e tsoelang pele nchafatso ea likarolo senyehile hammoho le Bibele e feletseng ea kapa leeme nchafatsa le ho lokisa ka boeona.

E batlang e homogeneous tsamaiso e khopo tsa likokoana-hloko ke boemo ba mokhatlo oa batho ba phelang, eo e tšoauoa ka mofuta oa sebelisana tsamaisanang le likarolo hammoho le le thulaganyo tlhaloganya sebaka le ya ntango mekgwatiriso tse etsahalang ho eona.

Khopolo ea ho e fapaneng maemo tsa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa taba e phelang e ile ea atile Bohareng ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo. Ho akarelletsa ho khethollo ea ba lintho tsohle tse phelang lefatšeng ka discrete le kokangana lihlopha tse arohaneng mehaho.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore tsamaiso ea lintho tse phelang e tšoauoa ka molao-motheo oa hierarchical - maemo a fapaneng ea mokhatlo oa theha phiramiti itseng, moo mong le e mong boemong ba mehaho e tlang, empa boemo bo phahameng. Ho feta moo, maemong ohle ea mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng sebelisana le tšusumetso e mong le tse ling.

Ho tloha mehleng ea boholo-holo, o ile a qala ho ntshetsa pele likokoana-hloko systematics - taeo eo pakane ea bona ke tsoelo-pele ea melao-motheo ea itseng bakeng sa tlhophiso ea lintho tsohle tse phelang hore li ka sebelisoa ka ho sa kaho ea tsamaiso ea lintho tse phelang.

Ho fihlela joale, ho tlhophiso ea limela le liphoofolo e etsoa ho latela molao-motheo o boletsoeng ka holimo oa sehlopha se busang: batho ba bang ba - mefuta e ho kopantswe melokong - lelapa - odara kapa detachment - litlelase hore theha lihlopha tse fapaneng, - mefuta e leng karolo ea mebuso. Ka mohlala, semela kapa phoofolo e 'ngoe ho khetheha ba lokela ho sebetsa ho mong le e sa dihlopha tse supileng tsa tlhophiso eo.

The khopolo e ncha ke poleloana e reng "superkingdom" kapa likokoana-hloko domain name. Mo mong le e mong tsamaiso e khopo tsa likokoana-hloko e classified hape ka eukaryotes superkingdom, libaktheria le archaea.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore tsamaiso ea lintho tse phelang e na le tšobotsi e itseng: lintho tse phelang ha li feela har'a bona empa hape le ka tikoloho, sephetho le ka phapanyetsano kakaretso ea matla, taba le litaba. Bophelo bo sa sebelisana sena ha se ka khoneha.