Thepa Electrotechnical, thepa le dikopo

Bokgoni le durability ea mechine ea motlakase le dimela ho itšetlehile ka boemo ba kwahelang ea, lisebelisoeng tsa motlakase bakeng sa eo thepa sebelisitsoeng ho eona. Di tšoauoa ka sete ya thepa e itseng ha kenngoa ka e maemo a motlakase tšimo, 'me ba hlomamisa ka disebedisweng tse thehiloeng ho litsupa tsena.

Classification thepa ea motlakase e lumella arotsoe ka lihlopha tse arohaneng tsa li sireletsang serameng, semiconducting, khanna le thepa a khoheli a hore tlatsetsa lihlahisoa ka sehloohong: capacitors, conductors, isolators le semiconductor likarolo loketse.

Thepa ea ho sebetsa masimo a khoheli kapa motlakase ka motho le thepa e itseng, 'me ba kopana le radiations multiple ka nako. thepa khoheli conventionally arotsoe ka dintho length of khoheli le dintho a khoheli a. Ka mokhoa motlakase ho fetisisa ka tloaelo hiriloe a khoheli a thepa e matla.

thepa saense ea

lintho tse bonahalang tse e re ntho, tšoauoa ka khethollehile ho lintho tse ling tsa lik'hemik'hale, thepa le sebōpeho sa limolek'hule le liathomo. ntho e 'ngoe ea linaha tse' nè: gaseous, tse tiileng, mokelikeli kapa lero la mali. Motlakase le mehaho thepa phetha ho kenya mefuta e fapaneng ya mesebetsi.

Khanna thepa fetisetsa dieleketerone phallo dikarolo fana dielectric ho itšehla thajana. Kopo ea thepa ea motheo e resistor fetola eneji, le motlakase ka mocheso, thepa ea lihlahisoa tsa mosebetsi oa kaho o boloke sebopeho bona, mohlala, ka matlo. Motlakase le thepa ea kaho e hlokehang ho phetha e se e mong empa a 'maloa a amanang le mosebetsi, tse kang e kobo e ka liteko motlakase mojaro, eo ea se thepa mehaho.

Motlakase thepa saense e - ea saense e sebetsana le tlhaloso ya thepa e, ho ithuta boitšoaro ba taba tlas'a tšusumetso ea motlakase, ho futhumatsa ntlo, a batang masimo, matla a khoheli 'me lithuto tsa tse ling saense ea litšobotsi itseng hlokahala ho haha mechine ea motlakase, lisebelisoeng le ditlhomo ..

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Tsena li akarelletsa thepa ea motlakase, e leng sesupo ka sehloohong a bontša conductivity ea morao-rao ea motlakase. Sena ke hobane ho le boima ba ntho e kamehla dieleketerone joale ba length of tlangwa ho khubu le ho ba mahala qoso bajari. Ba tsamaisa ka orbit tsa molek'hule e 'ngoe le ho etsa le hona joale. The thepa ka sehloohong conductive nkoa koporo, aluminium.

Ho conductors ba likarolo hore na le motlakase resistivity ρ <10 ^-5, moo boitsebiso boo ke mokhanni e babatsehang le e pontshi 10 ^-8 Ohm * m. lirafshoa tsohle ho ba le e ntle hona joale tafole ea likarolo 105 25 ha tšepe feela, 'me ho tloha ena sehlopha sa tšoaneng ea thepa 12 boitšoaro motlakase hona joale' me ba nkoa e le semiconductors.

The fisiks ea thepa ea motlakase o dumella ho sebelisa ha bona e le mahlahana a ka re gaseous le mokelikeli. E le tšepe mokelikeli ka mocheso ho tloaelehile e sebelisoa feela mercury, eo puso ea tlhaho. The lirafshoa tse ling tse sebelisoang ka conductors feela mokelikeli ka boemo halefile. Bakeng sa conductors sebelisoa le mokelikeli conductive, mohlala electrolyte. thepa ea bohlokoa ea conductors e, e le hore ho khetholla bona ho ea ka tekanyo e sa conductivity ea motlakase, mogote litšobotsi tse conductivity li nkoa le matla a ho isa molokong o mogote.

thepa dielectric

Ho fapana le conductors, dielectrics boima e na le palo e fokolang ea dieleketerone mahala o molelele o sebopeho. The thepa ka sehloohong sa ntho e ke matla a ho fumana polarity tsa naha motlakase. ketsahalo ena e hlalosoa ka 'nete ea hore tlas'a tšusumetso ea liqoso tsa motlakase tse amanang susumelletseha ka nģa ea itšoarang ka mabotho. Sebaka se koala o moholo, a phahameng ea motlakase tšimo matla.

Motlakase li sireletsang serameng thepa ke haufi le ea tšoanelehang ho feta index conductivity nyenyane, 'me ka tlaase ho moo lebisitsoeng ho feta tekanyo e ea karohanyo, e fanang ka e le pontšo ea hasana le kabo mogote matla. The conductivity ea dielectric le e thehilwe hodima ketso ea e nyenyane ea mahala dipole moment lichifi ho ketso tsa naha. Mora karohanyo, ho dielectric ntho diforomo le polarity fapaneng, i.e., liqoso tse peli tsa matšoao fapaneng thehoa ka holim'a metsi.

dielectrics kopo ho fetisisa ho pharaletseng a motlakase, kaha tšebeliso ea mafolofolo le etseng letho litšobotsi tse elements.

Ho lintho tse bonahalang sebetsang, le thepa amenable ho tsamaiso, e kenyeletsa:

• pyroelectrics;
• electroluminophors;
• piezoelectrics;
• ferroelectrics;
• electrets;
• thepa emitters ka mong bang laser ka.

Basic motlakase thepa - dielectric etseng letho thepa, e sebelisoa e le li sireletsang serameng thepa le capacitors tsa mofuta tloaelehileng. Ba ba khona ho arola likarolo tse peli tsa balebeli ba potoloho ea motlakase ho e mong le tse ling tse le ho thibela se khaphatsehang liqoso motlakase. Ho tloha ka ho itšehla thajana bona e phethahatsoa ka tsela likarolong jwale-nkile'ng ho eneji, le motlakase e setseng fatše kapa matlo ba.

arohantsoe ke kobo e sa

Ka thepa manyolo le inorganic dielectric ba aroloa, ho itšetlehile ka lik'hemik'hale. dielectrics Inorganic se na le k'habone ka sebopeho sa eona, ha mefuta e manyolo ke mathomo k'habone elements. dintho Inorganic tse kang letsopa, Mica, ka tsela e itseng e phahameng mocheso.

lintho tse bonahalang ea motlakase ka mokhoa bakeng sa ho hatisa arotswe dielectrics tlhaho le maiketsetso. Ho sebelisoa mefuta e ea thepa maiketsetso e thehiloe e le hantle hore proizvodnje lumella ho fana ka boitsebiso bo thepa e batlang.

Ho ea ka sebōpeho sa limolek'hule le lekhoakhoa dielectrics limolek'hule arotswe Polar le batho bao e seng Polar. Fetileng o boetse o bitsoa se nke lehlakore. phapang ke hore liathomo le limolek'hule tsa pele ho ketso ea bona e ka morao-rao ea motlakase kapa na qoso motlakase. K sehlopha ho se nke lehlakore e kenyeletsa Teflon, nhua polyethylene, Mica, quartz, 'me ba bang e dielectrics Polar bopilwe limolek'hule le qoso-positive kapa negative., Mohlala e polyvinyl chloride, bakelite.

thepa dielectric

Ka dielectrics arotswe gaseous, mokelikeli le tiileng. Ka ho fetisisa e atisa ho sebelisoa tiileng motlakase thepa. thepa ea bona 'me kopo hlahlojoa sebedisa ditekanyetso le lintho tse khethollang:

• e bophahamo ba modumo resistivity;
• dielectric permittivity;
• holim'a resistivity;
• le coefficient ya e lumellang metsi ho kena mogote;
• dielectric sa tahlehelo tangent tsa hlaha ka lehlakoreng le a bontša;
• matla a lintho tse bonahalang le tlas'a tšusumetso ea motlakase.

Buka ea resistivity itšetlehile ka bokhoni ba lintho tse bonahalang e le hore re hanyetse dutla hodima yona kamehla boleng jwale. Pontshi pitikololo resistivity bitsoa bongata conductivity.

Holim resistivity e laolwang ke bokhoni ba lintho tse bonahalang ho hanela jwale kamehla phallang ka holim'a metsi a eona. Holim conductivity ke karabo ya go arola ya palo tse fetileng.

The coefficient ya e lumellang metsi ho kena mogote bontša tekanyo ea ho fetola resistivity mor'a ho hōlisa thempereichara ntho ena. Ka tloaelo ho, ka ho hanyetsa decreases le eketseha mocheso, ka hona, boleng coefficient e mpe.

Ea kamehla dielectric rerang kopo ea motlakase ea thepa ho latela bokhoni ba boitsebiso boo ho bopa capacitance motlakase. Tekanyo ea permittivity mong ka dielectric e kenyelelitsoe khopolo ea e lumellang metsi ho kena ka ho feletseng. Fetola kwahelang bokgoni pontshi di behilwe fetileng mogote e lumellang metsi ho kena coefficient, eo ka nako bontša keketseho kapa fokotseha ka capacitance le ho fetoha ha mocheso.

Tangent tsa dielectric sa tahlehelo angle bontša tekanyo ea ketane ho lahleheloa ke matla a mabapi le boitsebiso bo dielectric tlas'a e motlakase fapanyetsana jwale.

Khetholleha thepa Electrotechnical tsa dielectric matla pontshi, e etsang qeto ea hore ka monyetla oa ho senya ntho e tlas'a khatello ea kelello. Ka ho hlwaya ka ho phetha molao feela le matla a mangata a liteko ho theha index moedi compressive matla, tensile, ba kobang, torsional, khahlamelo e le fracture.

'Meleng le lik'hemik'hale litšobotsi tsa dielectrics

Ka dielectrics na le palo e itseng ea acid lokolloa. Ka tjhelete e ya hydroxide potassium ka milligrams hlokahalang ho felisa litšila 1 g, ea ntho e bitswang palo e acid e. Acid timetsa thepa manyolo ba le phello e mpe ho thepa e li sireletsang serameng.

Bath thepa ea motlakase go tlaleletswa e tiileng e qamathelang coefficient kapa khohlano, le bontša ho tekanyo ea phallo ea taba. E tiileng e qamathelang e arotsoe tlas'a maemo a le kinematic.

Tekanyo ea absorption metsi a ikemiselitse ho itšetlehile ka o nyolohang oa metsi ananelang matsatsi teko elements boholo ka mor'a ho qoelisoa ka metsi ka mocheso esale pele. characterization ena e bontsha porosity ya lintho tse bonahalang tse, e ntseng e eketseha index oa soahlamana le thepa li sireletsang serameng.

thepa khoheli

Performance hlahlobo ya thepa le a khoheli a ba bitsoa litšobotsi khoheli:

• Matla a khoheli e lumellang metsi ho kena ka ho feletseng;
• matla a khoheli a lekanyelitsoeng e lumellang metsi ho kena;
• mogote coefficient ya e lumellang metsi ho kena a khoheli;
• eneji, le lebetsoeng le matla a khoheli.

thepa a khoheli a ba arotsoe ka ka thata le tse bonolo. Likarolo tse bonolo ba tšoauoa ka tahlehelo nyane lagging boholo ba magnetization ea 'mele o emelang matla a khoheli. Ba feta permeable ho le maqhubu a khoheli a nang le e nyenyane coercive lebotho la le phahame ho tlala induction. ho sebelisa ha bona ka sesebediswa baru tsa mechine motlakase le mekgwa, lithebe a khoheli kapa sethusathuto tse ling moo ho hlokahalang magnetization le omissions tlaase matla. Tsena li akarelletsa bo hloekileng electrolytic tšepe, tšepe - Armco, permalloy, motlakase tšepe lits'epe tse kopantsoeng maqephe, nikele-tšepe.

thepa tiileng ba tšoauoa ka e le bohlokoa ho lahleheloa ke lagging tekanyo ea ho magnetization ka ea tšimo Link a khoheli a. Kamohelo linaoa hang a khoheli, joalo thepa ea motlakase le lihlahisoa tse magnetized, 'me ka nako e telele ho boloka matla a bolokoa. Ba na le phahameng coercive lebotho la le phahameng barrel bokgoni induction. Likarolo le litšobotsi tse tsena li sebelisoa bakeng sa tlhahisong ea magnets ema. Baemeli ba likarolo di lits'epe tse kopantsoeng e thehiloeng dikarolo tšepe, aluminium, nikele, cobalt, ka silicon.

magnetodielectrics

boitsebiso boo e tsoakiloeng, 75-80% ka sebopeho nang le phofo a khoheli, le boima ba manyolo phahameng polymeric masalla e tletse dielectric. Y ferrites le ferrites eketsehileng melemo ya bophahamo ba modumo resistivity, tse nyenyane Eddy tahlehelo jwale, eo dumella hore ho sebelisa ha bona ka thekenoloji phahameng maqhubu a. Ferrites ke litsupa tsitsitseng masimong fapaneng maqhubu.

TŠIMO sebelisa ferromagnets

Ba sebelisoa ka tsela e atlehang ka ho fetisisa ho bōpa e konokono tsa makhetlo transformer. Kopo ya lintho tse bonahalang tse o dumella ho eketsa haholo ho matla a khoheli ea transformer, ha ba sa fetola ho bala hona joale la lebotho. Joalo kenyeletswa ha ferrite ho pholosa tshebediso ya matla nakong tshebetso ya sesebediswa. thepa ea motlakase le thepa ka mor'a tšusumetso Link a khoheli a boloke litšobotsi tse matla a khoheli, le lula tšimo ka sebaka sa e haufi.

Maqhubu a mathomo se feta ka mora ho switjha theoha makenete, ka tsela eo ho bōpa e tekanyetso ho sa feleng hohela hore e sebetsa ka tsela e atlehang ka headphone, lithelefono, ho lekanya disebedisweng tse ding, sesupa, molumo oa ho rekota disebedisweng tse ding. e ratoa haholo ke ho sebelisa magnets ka ho sa feleng, e seng pellet conductive. O ile a fumana motsoako oa oxides tšepe le oxides tse ling tse sa tšoaneng. Lodestone bolela ferrite.

thepa semiconductor

Tsena ke likarolo tseo ba le boleng conductivity e ka karohano ea li-index ena conductors le dielectrics. The conductivity ea thepa tsena itšetlehile ka ho ba teng ha litšila boima, khahlamelo Link le litaelo tsa ka likoli hare.

Litšobotsi tsa electrotechnical thepa semiconductors sehlopha bontša ho se tšoane bohlokoa ho tloha likarolo e mong le tse ling tse ka lekhoakhoa sebopeho, sebopeho le thepa. Ho itšetlehile ka hore entsprechen tsena, thepa ba classified ka mefuta 4:

1. Likarolo liathomo tse nang le mefuta e le 'ngoe: ka silicon, phosphorus, boron, selenium, indium, germanium, gallium,' me ba bang.
2. Thepa nang oxides tšepe entsoe ka - koporo oxide e, cadmium, zinki le ba bang.
3. The thepa ka ho kopantswe le sehlopha antimonide.
4. Manyolo thepa - naphthalene naphthalene, anthracene, 'me ba bang.

Ho itšetlehile ka lekhoakhoa arotsoe ka thepa polycrystalline semiconductor le likarolo monocrystalline. Litšobotsi tsa thepa ea motlakase lumella hore ba ho kopanela mosebetsing oa bao e seng matla a khoheli le ho length of. Har'a metsoako ea matla a khoheli khetholla semiconductors, conductors le likarolo bao e seng conductive. Hlakile kabo e thata ho etsa, kaha thepa tse ngata le itšoare ka tsela e fapaneng ka tikoloho ya ho fetola. Mohlala, tshebetso ya ba bang ba semiconductors ka thempereichara e tlaase e ne e tšoana le phello ea insulators ena. Tseo dielectrics ke futhumatsang mosebetsi jwalo semiconductors.

thepa le likarolo tse ngata

Thepa eo ha ba arotsoe ka tshebetsong le sebopeho, e bitswang le likarolo tse ngata thepa, ho ke ke e boetse e thepa ea motlakase. thepa ea bona 'me dikopo ka lebaka la ho kopana le thepa sebelisoa ka proizvodnje ena. Mehlala ke khalase faeba lakane dikarolo, fiberglass, metsoako ea tšepe conductive le refractory. Tšebeliso ea metsoako makhabane lekanang senola lintho tse bonahalang le e sebelise ho moo o eang teng. Ka linako tse ling motsoako oa dikarolo le likarolo tse ngata ho etsa hore pōpo ea e elements mocha ka ho feletseng ho thepa tse ling.

thepa filimi

Greater pharalla bakeng sa foils motlakase le litheipi sekgomaretsi fumaneng e le thepa ea motlakase. thepa tsa bona li fapane le dielectrics tse ling fetoha le maemo, a lekaneng ho phetha molao feela matla le thepa e babatsehang li sireletsang serameng. The bokima jwa sehlahiswa fapana ho itšetlehile ka lintho tse bonahalang tse:

• filimi botenya ba 6-255 microns etsa, ho lokolloa theipi 0,2-3,1 limilimithara;
• lihlahisoa polystyrene ka sebōpeho sa litheipi le lifilimi hlahiswa 20-110 microns teteaneng;
• teteaneng nhua polyethylene theipi entse 35-200 limithara, e bophara ba 250 ho ea 1500 limilimithara;
• fluoroplastic filimi botenya o entsoe microns 5 ho tse 40, e bophara ba 10-210 limilimithara sehlooho di bonelapele.

Classification ea thepa ea motlakase ho tloha filimi dumella ho khetholla mefuta e 'meli: filimi sekametseng le batho bao e seng sekametseng. Boitsebiso ba pele e sebediswa hangata ka ho fetisisa.

Pente le coatings bakeng kwahelang ea motlakase

Solutions ya dintho eaba ba etsa nakong solidification filimi ke ea kajeno thepa ea motlakase. sehlopha sena se akarelletsa asphalts, omisa oli, halogenated, selulose esters kapa metsoako le ho e kopanya ea likarolo tsena. Tšokoloho ea ka viscous motsoako ka kobo e le hlaha ka mor'a e le mouoane ea boima solvent beha le eaba ba etsa le letso-letso filimi. Ke tsela ea ho sebelisa filimi e arotsoe sekgomaretsi, barbotage le impregnation.

Impregnating lipolisheng sebediswa bakeng sa windings ea motlakase e le hore ho eketsa conductivity mogote le ho hanyetsa mongobo. Barbotage varnish holimo bopa barbotage sireletsang khahlanong le mongobo, a batang, oli holim matsoelintsoeke, polasetiki kwahelang. dikarolo Adhesive khonang sekhomaretsi Mica poleiti le thepa e 'ngoe.

Metsoako bakeng kwahelang ea motlakase

thepa tsena hlahisitse tharollo mokelikeli ka nako tsa tšebeliso, lateloa ke thatafatsa le ho phekola. Dintho tšoauoa ka e le hantle hore ea ho hlophisoa ha ba le solvents. Metsoako hape ho matleng a sehlopha sa "thepa ea motlakase". Liforomo tse foromeletsoeng ho bona 'me ba impregnating. The mofuta pele e sebediswa bakeng sa ho tlatsa cavities ho couplings kabel, 'me sehlopha se ea bobeli e sebediswa bakeng sa impregnation ea windings ea likoloi.

Metsoako hlahisa thermoplastic, ba nolofatsa ka mor'a hore ho eketseha ha mocheso le thermosetting, steadfastly ea bolokelang ba mokgwa wa solidification.

Tse tsetsoeng moriana thepa fibrous kokabolaka

Bakeng sa ho hlahisa thepa e joalo sebelisa likhoele manyolo le dikarolo e entsoeng ke motho. Natural meroho likhoele tsa silika, line ea boleng bo, lehong remaking ka thepa se hlahang ho yona manyolo (faeba, lesela, lebokoso). Mongobo tsa insulators joalo ranges ho tloha 6-10%.

thepa Organic tsa maiketsetso (la nylon) e na mongobo feela 3 ho 5%, tse kang ho tlala ea mongobo le likhoele inorganic (fiberglass). thepa Inorganic ba tšoauoa ka ho hloleha ho mollo ka futhumatsang haholo. Ha thepa ho ua inela enamels kapa lacquers, ho flammability eketseha. Phepelo ea thepa ea motlakase di hlahiswa ka tlhahisong ea mechine ea motlakase le lisebelisoa.

Leteroid

A faeba tšesaane e hlahisoa maqephe le phuthoa ka moqolo bakeng sa lipalangoang. E sebelisoa e le lintho tse bonahalang bakeng sa ho etsa thepa e kwahelang gasket, e bōpehileng joaloka dielectrics washers. Pampiri tse tsetsoeng moriana le asbestos le boto asbestos entsoe ka asbestos chrysotile, petsoha hore e be likhoele. Asbestos o hanyetsa maemo alkaline, empa roba fatše ka acid e ea.

Qetellong, re lokela ho hlokomela hore le tšebeliso ea thepa morao-rao bakeng sa kwahelang ea bophelo tšebeletso thepa ea motlakase e haholo e ile ea eketseha. Bakeng sa ditlhomo meaho sebedisa thepa ka thepa kgethile hore lumella bakeng sa tlhahiso ea thepa e ncha tshebetso le e ntlafetseng ya tshebetso.