RNA le DNA. RNA - ke eng see? RNA: sebopeho, mosebetsi, mefuta e

Linako tseo re phelang ho e tšoauoa phetoho e khōlō, e tsoela pele haholo ha batho ba fumana likarabo tsa lipotso tse ncha. Bophelo ka potlako ho fallela pele, 'me seo ha se nako e telele fetileng ho bonahala ke ke ha khoneha, o qala ho ho sebediswa. Ho ka etsahala hore kajeno bonahala morero oa saense e iqapetsoeng ea Hape, haufinyane o tla fumana lintlha tsa ntho ea sebele.

E mong oa tse sibolotsoeng bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa le halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli e-ba nucleic acid RNA le DNA e etsa hore batho ba haufi le pelaelo liphiri tsa tlhaho.

acid nucleic

asiti Nucleic - ke metsoako manyolo ho ba le thepa e phahameng ea limolek'hule. E entsoe ka haedrojene, k'habone, naetrojene le phosphorus.

Ba ile ba sibolla ka 1869 ke F. Miescher, ba fuputsa boladu. Empa ka nako eo sibolloa hae ha baa ka hokela bohlokoa ka ho khethehileng. Feela hamorao, ha acid tsena a fumanoa ka tsohle lisele tse phoofolo le limela, ea nang le kutloisiso ea karolo ea bona e ngata haholo.

Ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea acid nucleic: RNA le DNA (deoxyribonucleic le asiti ribonucleic). Sehlooho sena se bua ka acid e ribonucleic, empa hape sheba le kutloisiso e tloaelehileng la seo ke karolo DNA e.

asiti deoxyribonucleic ke eng?

DNA - e acid e nucleic entsoeng ka likaroloana tse peli, tse amanang ka molao complementarity litlamo hydrogen makalana nitrogenous. Long liketane sothehileng hore e be spiral ea retelehelang ho 'ngoe e na le hoo e ka bang tse leshome nucleotides. The bophara ba Helix habeli ya millimeters ba babeli, sebaka se pakeng tsa nucleotides le - ka halofo nanometer. Bolelele ba molek'hule e 'ngoe ka linako tse ling fihla disentimetara' maloa. DNA ea motho seleng ea khubung bolelele ba hoo e ka bang tse peli limithara tse.

boitsebiso bohle bo liphatseng tsa lefutso tse fumanoang sebopeho DNA. Ho na le DNA boikatiso, e bolelang tshebetso eo ka yona ka molek'hule le 'ngoe hlahiswa tse peli le tsoanang - ka tiasa yona.

Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, balebeli ba potoloho le bopilwe ka nucleotides le comprised Ka lehlakoreng le leng ea le bokatlase nitrogenous (adenine, guanine, thymine, le cytosine) le phosphorous acid e masalla. nucleotides All makalana fapaneng nitrogenous. Haedrojene oxyphobe ha etsahala pakeng tsa makalana tsohle, adenine, ho etsa mohlala, e ka feela amahanya le thymine kapa guanine. Kahoo, nucleotides adenine 'meleng ka hohle kamoo thymidylic,' me palo ea guanine lekana cytidylic (melao Chargaff e). E fellang kateng le hore tatelano ya tatelano ketane e mong predetermines e 'ngoe, le ketane tšoana le seipone e mong le tse ling. Joalo mohlala, ao ho 'ona ho nucleotides tsa liketane tse peli tse a lokisetsa ka mokhoa o laolehileng le khetha amanang, o bitsoa molao-motheo oa complementarity. Ntle le metsoako ea haedrojene, e Helix habeli le likarolo hydrophobic.

The liketane tse peli ba le litaelo tse sa tšoaneng, e le hore e lokisetsa ka litsela bo fapaneng. Ka hona treh 'fapaneng-qetellong mamelwang ke pyati'-literene tsa ketane e' ngoe.

Kwa DNA molek'hule tšoana le spiral boipelaetso litepising, e leng tsoekere-phosphate mokokotlo oa handrails, mehato le - e tlatsetsang naetrojene botlaaseng.

RNA ke eng?

RNA - e acid e nucleic le monomers bitsoa ribonucleotides.

Ke thepa lik'hemik'hale ke tsoana haholo le DNA kaha polymers bobeli ke nucleotides emetseng fosfolirovanny N-glycoside khōlō e hahiloeng ka pentose (hlano k'habone tsoekere), e phosphate sehlopha bohlano k'habone athomo le naetrojene botlaaseng nakong e pele k'habone athomo.

Ho emela 'ngoe polynucleotide ketane (ntle le bakeng sa likokoana-hloko tse), e leng e khutsoanyane haholo ho feta hore ba DNA.

monomer mong oa RNA - tse bakiloeng ya dintho tse latelang:

• naetrojene botlaaseng;
• hlano k'habone monosaccharide;
• asiti phosphorous.

RNAs ke pyrimidine (cytosine le uracil) le purine (adenine, guanine) botlaaseng. Ribose ke monosaccharide RNA nucleotide.

Phapang ea RNA le DNA

acid Nucleic fapana ho e mong le tse ling tse ka thepa tse latelang:

• ka tjhelete e ya e ka seleng e itšetlehile ka boemo, ea lilemo li le lekala phepelo fisioloji;
• DNA e na le deoxyribose k'habohaedreite, le RNA - ribose;
• nitrogenous botlaaseng ka DNA - thymine, ha RNA - uracil;
• litlelase phetha mesebetsi e fapaneng, empa ba tsa maiketsetso ka DNA popeho;
• DNA e na le e le Helix habeli, 'me RNA - ho tloha ketane e le' ngoe;
• bakeng sa melao hae uncharacteristic Chargaff, a sebetsa ka DNA ea;
• RNA sa reng letho makalana;
• ketane fapana haholo ka bolelele.

History ea thuto

Cell RNA ile pele a fumana ke sa biochemist tsoang Jeremane, Robert Altman ka ho ithuta ea lisele tomoso. Ka bohareng ba lekholo la mashome a mabeli ho bontša karolo ea DNA ka liphatsa tsa lefutso. ebe feela o ile a hlalosa le mefuta e mengata ea RNA, mesebetsi, le joalo-joalo. 80-90% ka boima ba 'mele ka seleng oela ka leq-RNA, eaba ba etsa hammoho le protheine e nang le le ho ribosome kopanela protheine biosynthesis.

Ka sixties ea tse lekholo tse fetileng ka lekhetlo la pele a etsa tlhahiso ea hore ho na le e lokela ho ba ba bang ba mofuta ofe hore e jara boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso tsa tswakana protheine. Ka mor'a ho etsa lipatlisiso ena ho fumanoe hore ho na le boitsebiso bo joalo ribonucleic acid emetseng likopi tse tlatsetsang tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ba ba bitsoa lenģosa RNAs.

Ka decoding tlhahisoleseding e tlalehiloeng ka ba le seabo ho thoeng ho tsamaisa acid e.

Hamorao mekhoa ne ntshetswa lemoha nucleotide tatelano le sebopeho RNA e hlomamisa ka acid e le sebaka sa. Kahoo, ho ile ha fumanoa hore ba bang ba bona, ea le bitsitseng ribozymes ka khomarela poliribonukleotidnye ketane. Ka lebaka leo, re ile ra qala ho lumela hore ka nako eo ka eona bophelo bo qalile lefatšeng, 'me a sebetsa ho RNA ntle DNA le liprotheine. Ka tsela eo lengths tsohle a ileng ae etsa le ho nka karolo ea hae.

Sebopeho sa limolek'hule ribonucleic acid e

Hoo e ka bang kaofela ha RNA - ketane le 'ngoe ea polynucleotides tse, le eena, a akarelletsa ho monoribonukleotidov - purine le makalana pyrimidine.

Nucleotides ke mangolo a lekgetlo la ntlha bolela makalana:

• adenine (A), A;
• guanine (G), G;
• cytosine (C), C;
• uracil (U), W.

Di amanang le e mong le e tse ling tse litlamo three- le pyatifosfodiefirnymi.

Ho fetisisa fapaneng nomoro ya nucleotides (ho tloha ho mashome a 'maloa ho tse likete tse mashome) kenyelelitsoe sebōpeho sa RNA ho. Ba ile ba ka etsa sebopeho se mahareng, e bopilweng hantle tsa palesa lekgutshwanyane dvutsepochnyh, eo ho ile ha thehoa makalana tlatsanang.

Sebopeho ribnukleinovoy acid e molek'hule

Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, ho molek'hule e na le ba se nang balekane-tsielehile sebopeho. RNA sebopeho se mahareng a fumana le sebopeho ka lebaka la ho sebelisana pakeng nucleotide ka. polymer A bao monomer ke nucleotide e entsoeng ka le masalla tsoekere ya phosphorus acid e le ea naetrojene le bokatlase. Kwa molek'hule joaloka e mong oa palesa e DNA. Nucleotides adenine le guanine, e leng karolo ea RNA ho li purine. Cytosine le uracil ke makalana pyrimidine.

Tsela tswakana

Ho RNA molek'hule tsa maiketsetso, le popeho ke DNA molek'hule. Hangata, leha ho le joalo, tsamaiso e khutlisetsang ha e ncha limolek'hule acid e deoxyribonucleic thehoa ka popeho ribonucleic. Sena se etsahala ha ho ikatisa tsa mefuta e itseng ea likokoana-hloko.

Motheo oa biosynthesis e ka 'na ea boela a sebeletse limolek'hule tse ling tsa acid e ribonucleic. mongwalollo lona seo se etsahala ka khubung seleng, e amanang le potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale tse ngata, empa bohlokoa tseo boholo ba tsona ke RNA polymerase.

mefuta

Ho itšetlehile ka mofuta oa RNA, mesebetsi ea eona le tsona li fapane. Ho na le mefuta e 'maloa:

• Information le RNA;
• ribosomal rRNA;
• tRNA lipalangoang;
• nyenyane;
• ribozymes;
• bongata ba kokwanahloko.

Information acid e ribonucleic

limolek'hule joalo ba bitsoa popeho. Ba etsa sele tse ka bang peli ba lekholo ba palo yohle ya. Liseleng eukaryotic, di tsa maiketsetso ka khubung tsa tse fapaneng DNA, ka nako eo ea fetang ka cytoplasm le tlama ho ribosomes. Ho feta moo, ba ile ba ba le dithempleite ya tswakana protheine: di ikopanya le phetiso RNA, e leng etsa-amino acid. Ka tsela eo tshebetso ya ho sokoloha ha lesedi leo e hlokomela ka sebopeho e ikhethang ea protheine ena. Ka ba bang ba RNA bongata ba kokwanahloko e boetse ke chromosome.

Jakobo le Mano ke openers ea mofuta ona e. Ho se be le mohaho o sa tenyetseheng, ho bopa e kobehileng sekgoqetsane potoloho. Ha ho sebetsa, 'me ho RNA e a phuthilweng le phuthoa ka bolo, le hore ho sebetsa e bang teng.

mRNA jara boitsebiso bo mabapi le tatelano ea-amino acid ka protheine e tsa maiketsetso. E mong le e acid e amino e khouthollotsweng sebakeng se itseng ka thuso ea dikhoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso, e leng ikhethang:

• Triplet - mononucleotides mane khoneha ho haha e mashome a tšeletseng a metso e mene codons (khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso);
• neperekreschivaemost - lesedi phallang ka tataiso e 'ngoe;
• tswelopela - sebetsa molao-motheo o theoha 'nete ea hore e' ngoe-RNA - nngwe protheine;
• kakaretso - mofuta ona kapa hore ea acid e amino e khouthollotsweng ka phelang tsohle tse phelang ka tsela e tšoanang;
• degeneracy - the mashome a mabeli amino acid tse tsebahalang le codon - mashome a tšeletseng-e mong, ke hore, ba ile ba ba khouthollotsweng ke a 'maloa a dikhoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso.

asiti Ribosomal ribonucleic

limolek'hule joalo etsa boholo ba RNAs lisele, e leng, mashome a robeli ka bang liphesente tse mashome a robong ba palo yohle ya. Ba kopana le liprotheine le ribosomes ba thehoa - sena organelles phetha protheine tswakana.

Ribosomes bopilwe liphesente tse mashome a tšeletseng a metso e mehlano tsa leq-RNA le ba etsang liphesente tse mashome a mararo a metso e mehlano tsa protheine ena. Sena ketane polynucleotide habonolo bends hammoho le protheine e.

ribosome e entsoe ka amino acid e le peptide likarolo. Ba leng teng ka bokaholimo iteanya.

Ribosomes susumelletsa ka bolokolohi ka seleng ho synthesize liprotheine libakeng tse nepahetseng. Ha ba itseng haholo le ke ke feela ho bala boitsebiso bo tsoang mRNA, empa hape ho theha e popeho le bona.

Lipalangoang acid e ribonucleic

tRNA fetisisa ithutileng tsona. Ba etsang liphesente tse leshome ba RNA lisele. Tsena mefuta e sa RNA tlamella ho amino acid ke potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale e khethehileng, 'me ba nehelana ka ho ribosomes ena. Tabeng ena, amino acid li tsamaisoa ke limolek'hule tsa lipalangoang. Leha ho le joalo, e se etsahala hore encode amino acid e codons fapaneng. Ebe fetisetsa bona ho na le tse 'maloa phetiso RNA.

Ho phuthoa ka bolo, ha ba sebetsa ka mafolofolo, tshebetsong le o na le mofuta o mong oa cloverleaf ka.

Ho khetholloa ea libakeng tse latelang:

• acceptor bakoang ho ba le nucleotide tatelano ACC;
• karolo e itseng a sebeletsa bakeng sa sephuthelwana ho ribosome ea;
• anticodon khouto ya amino acid e, e leng o khomaretse tRNA ena.

Minor foromo acid e ribonucleic

Morao tjena, mefuta RNA ne eketswa ke sehlopha sa e ncha, eo ho thoeng ke RNAs nyenyane. Ba ka 'na ba ba le molaoli ea bokahohleng e kgontsha kapa go tima liphatsa tsa lefutso ka ntshetsopeleng embryonic,' me hape o laola dithulaganyo ka hare liseleng.

Ribozymes hape tsoa senoloa, di amehang ka mafolofolo, ha RNAs betse, ba sethothetsi.

Mefuta bongata ba kokwanahloko ea acid

Kokoana-hloko ea ka di na le dipegelo ka acid e ribonucleic kapa deoxyribonucleic. Ka hona, le limolek'hule tse fapaneng li bitsoa RNA-e nang. Ha tshelwa ka seleng ea kokoana-hloko ea hlaha ka khutlisetsang mongwalollo - e thehiloeng acid e ribonucleic, DNA e ncha hore ba aa ageletsweng ka seleng, ho etsa bonnete ba ho ba teng le ho ikatisa ha kokoana-hloko. Tabeng e 'ngoe, sebōpeho sa RNA e tlatsetsang ho fumaneng. Likokoana-hloko liprotheine mesebetsi ea bohlokoa le ho ikatisa tsoela ntle le DNA, empa feela ka lebaka la tlhahiso leseding ena ka kokoana-hloko RNA.

boikatiso

E le hore ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea kakaretso hore ho hlokahala hore ba nahane ka tshebetso boikatiso, eo ho eona ho na le tse peli tse limolek'hule le tsoanang ea asiti nucleic. Kahoo qala karohano seleng.

Ho akarelletsa ho DNA polymerase, DNA-itšetlehileng ka RNA polymerase le DNA ligase.

Tsela boikatiso e akarelletsa lintho tse latelang:

• despiralization - ke sequential unwinding motsoali oa DNA e thabisang le molek'hule kaofela;
• litlamo hydrogen li robehileng, ao ho 'ona ho ka liketane arohana le bonahala replicative fereko;
• phetoho dNTPs lokolloa ho ketane makalana motsoali oa;
• bokaholimo ba matsoele tsa pyrophosphate tloha dNTPs limolek'hule le sebopeho fosfornodiefirnyh likamano ka lebaka la matla a;
• respiralizatsiya.

Mora sebopeho sa tlaasana molek'hule arotsoe khubu, cytoplasm le ho phomola. Kahoo, lisele tse peli morali ba thehoa, ka botlalo fumana lesedi kaofela le liphatsa tsa lefutso.

Ho phaella moo, khouthollotsweng sebopeho e ka sehloohong ea liprotheine tse tsa maiketsetso ka seleng. DNA ka mokhoa ona o e-ba karolo e sa tobang, ho ena le ka ho toba, o entsoeng ka 'nete ea hore e le hlaha ka tswakana DNA amehang sebopeho sa lihaha-'mele, RNA. Tshebetso ena o bitsoa mongwalollo.

mongwalollo

The tswakana tsohle tsa limolek'hule ho etsahala mongwalollo, ke hore, fetolela lesedi liphatsa tsa lefutso tswa operon DNA e itseng. tshebetso e tšoanang likarolong tse ling ho ikatisa, ha ba bang e fapana haholo ho eona.

Ho tšoana ho kenyeletsa likarolo tse latelang:

• ke qala ho uncoiling ea DNA;
• otlile la litlamo tsa hydrogen pakeng tsa makalana lipotoloho;
• e tlatsetsang ho ikamahanya le NTF;
• sebopeho sa litlamo hydrogen.

Ho se tšoane ho tloha boikatiso:

• ha spliced karolo e itseng ea DNA mongwalollo, loketseng ho tse transcriptional, ha untwisting undergoes boikatiso molek'hule kaofela;
• ha ba transcribed ikamahanya NTF na ribose le uracil sebakeng sa thymine;
• Information e ngotsweng theoha feela le e mengata e fapaneng esale pele;
• ka mor'a hore sebopeho sa litlamo hydrogen le ketane molek'hule e tsa maiketsetso robehileng, le li-slide le ketane le DNA.

Bakeng sa tshebetso e tlwaelehileng ya sebopeho e ka sehloohong ea RNA lokela na le exons feela decommissioned le libaka DNA.

Re sa tsoa ile a qala ho tshebetso ya ho le nonofo ya mmele ea RNA thehoa. dikarolo khutsitseng ba khaola, sewn le foromo rutang ketane polynucleotide. Ho feta moo, e mong le e mofuta o na le phetoho e bath.

The mRNA etsahalang ikopanya qetellong ka lekhetlo la pele. Ke qetellong karolo oona o kopanela poliadenilat.

The tRNA fetotsoeng botlaaseng, eaba ba etsa mefuta e sa reng letho.

Ka leq-RNA le arohaneng makalana methylated.

Sireletsa khahlanong le tshenyo le ho ntlafatsa lipalangoang tsa liprotheine ka cytoplasm ena. RNA ka mmuso ba hōlileng tsebong ba tobaneng le bona.

Meaning of deoxyribonucleic le ribonucleic acid

acid Nucleic ke le ea bohlokoa haholo ka phelang. Ba bolokwa, isoa cytoplasm le futsitseng ke morali oa lisele tsa tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le liprotheine tsa maiketsetso ka e mong le e seleng. Ba teng phelang tsohle tse phelang, botsitso ba acid tsena ke ntho ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho tshebetso tloaelehileng ea bobeli ka seleng le phelang ka kakaretso. liphetoho leha e le efe sebopeho bona ho tla etsa hore ho liphetoho lisele.