Palaeontology - Science ke eng? Ho ithuta palaeontology?

Palaentogy - ea saense hore o ithuta litšobotsi tsa sebopeho le mosebetsi ea lintho tse neng li le teng ka Geological fetileng, a sireletsa mesaletsa, bophelo le hlahlamang le oryctocoenoses.

palaeontology morao-rao

E le ka boela ka ea saense e le hore e sebetsana le 'ithuta ho tsohle liponahatso fumaneha ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa bophelo ka nako e fetileng ea tikoloho ea bophelo maemong ohle (phelang, palo ea baahi, biogeocoenosis) o ile a hlalosa.

Sepheo sa ho etsa lipatlisiso e bontša hore palaentogy - ke ea saense tsa likokoana-hloko, e leng ke ka kamano e haufi le jioloji, eo ba ne ba sebelisa e pharaletseng ea liphello tsa ho etsa lipatlisiso 'me ka nako e tšoanang o sebeletsa e le mohloli o ka sehloohong tsa bohlokoahali tsa tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le tikoloho bophelo. Ke kamano ena e le ea etsang qeto botšepehi ba palaeontology, eo Tracks hammoho le tse ling tse ka ho iphetola ha lintho tsa tlhaho tse phelang ka hōle Geological fetileng.

Sepheo le maikemisetso

Joalokaha ho boletsoe, saense e ithuta palaeontology foqohe phelang e neng e lula ka Geological fetileng. Hore ke ka morero oa ho ithuta le akarelletsa ho hlakisoa likarolong tsohle tsa teng tsa bona. Sena, ka ho khetheha, le sebopeho (phetoho) le thalo; kabo ya sebaka le nako; mekhoa le melao ea ho iphetola ha lintho; phelang ka eona le tikoloho.

mesebetsi kaofela li amana le ho e mong le e tse ling. Ho joalo, ho sa hlokahale hore a ithute makgetheng morphological ha fela ka bohona, empa e amana haufi le ho systematization tsa lintho tse phelang. Tieo tsamaiso e khopo ea saense e ke ke ba haha kantle ho ithuta likarolo ho iphetola ha lintho le litsela tsa ho ntshetsopeleng histori ea lihlopha phoofolo le limela ke ke amahanngoa ntle tlhahisoleseding efe kapa efe ka lefelo seriale ea mesaletsa ea bona le dikarolo le ka tshusumetso ya lintlha tikoloho ka phelang. and analysis tshebetso e fana ka leseli le itseng ka tsela ea bophelo e loketseng ho phetoho ea libōpuoa. Kahoo, ho qetela le bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa mosebetsi oa ho palaentogy - ke tsebo ea ho iphetola ha lintho ea lefatše manyolo ka ho iphetola ha lintho ea histori ea Lefatše.

tlhophiso

Palaentogy - ea saense ea lintho tse foqohe ea tšimoloho e sa tšoaneng. criterion ena le thehoa motheo oa tlhophiso, 'me hape tsejoa ho ba teng ha mafapha a' maloa:

• Paleozoology a ntse a ithuta mesaletsa ea lintho tse liphoofolo. O ile a, le eena, e arotsoe ka likarolo tse peli tse: pele hlahloba invertebrates boholo-holo, 'me ea bobeli - ba vertebrate boholo-holo.
• Paleobotanist nehetsoeng ho ithuta dimela magala. Ka sebopeho sa yona e na le ka tiasa yona tse ngata Sciences. paleoalgologiya ena (ho ithuta magala dimelametsing), le paleopalynology (ho ithuta mesaletsa ea peō ea boholo-holo 'me hlobo ea limela),' me joalo-joalo. D.
• Paleomycology. The ntho e thuto ea hae ke mesaletsa ea li-fungus.
• Micropalaeontology. Sena ke khoutu lebitso sebelisoa ha ho tluoa tabeng ea ho ithuta le mesaletsa ea lintho tse ea boholo-holo (benthic protozoa, ostracods, zooplankton tse sa tšoaneng le phytoplankton, libaktheria).
• Paleoecology lithuto tsa ka mabapi tsa lintho tse phelang tse teng ka hōle nakong e fetileng, le e mong le e meng 'me le tikoloho ya bona ka boholo ba baahi ba le lintho tse phelang tikolohong.
• Paleobiogeography hlahlobisise melao libakeng tsa lintho tse phelang ea boholo-holo mabapi le haufi le ho iphetola ha lintho tsa leholimo, ritsa, 'me ba bang.
• Biostratinomy le taphonomy ba ithuta dipaterone, ha namela libakeng tse le boholo-holo sa lepato ntse.

Histori ea palaeontology: mehloli

Nepahetse tlhaloso ea tsebo e mabapi le mofuta wa rekoto magala ke sethabathaba ho Chinese le naturalists European Renaissance. Lilemong tsa bo-XVII, bo-rasaense ba babeli (N. Steno, R. Hooke) hoo e ka bang ka nako, ntle ho e mong le e tse ling ka lekhetlo la pele ba qala ho bua ka mefuta e timele. A MV Lomonosov lilemo tse makholo a hamorao develops maikutlo a pele ho bona, ba bolela hore lintho tsa tlhaho ka tshebetso ya ho sebopeho lona ho ne ho sa khaotseng ho iphetola ha lintho phetoho.

likhopolo tsena beha pele 'me bo-rasaense ba tsoang linaheng tse ling: ho French Buffon le J. Soulavie, Briton John Hutton ..

Metheo e ea palaeontology qala ho theha, ho ha qalong ea XIX lekholong la lilemo la W. Smith o ile a khona ho lokafatsa mochine ea ho fumana hore na le lilemo li lihlopha Geological bao e leng mohlala oa mesaletsa invertebrate le e ne e thehiloe likhopolong tsa bona, ba pele 'mapa Geological historing.

Palaeontology e le taeo ea saense. Histori ea sebopeho

Botlaaseng ba eona e le taeo ea saense ke sethabathaba ho Georges Cuvier, eo, ka mor'a hore a tebileng a bapisang anatomical ho hlahloba lesapo ea sala ea liphoofolo tse anyesang boholo-holo, ha e le hantle a bōpa Vertebrate human paleontology.

Ka mor'a lilemo tse mashome a seng makae feela, le French botanist Adolphe Brongniart hatisitsoeng hae "History of dimela magala." Kahoo a rala metheo paleobotanists.

Palaentogy - ea saense, e bitsoa petromatognoziya. Ha ho buuoa ka lekhetlo la pele ha lebitso la ena e qalile ho e le qalo ea lekholong la XIX. Qetellong, saense e fumana lebitso la hae ka 1840s, ha Mofora D. Orbigny o ile a qala ho sebelisa poleloana e reng "palaeontology" ka har'a lingoliloeng tsa bona.

Ho buisana le saense tse ling

Palaeontology - taeo e saense e haufi-ufi amanang le saense tse ling tsa likokoana-hloko. Kamano ena ke haholo-holo ka lebaka la tšebeliso leeme tsa mekhoa ea saense e amanang: liphatsa tsa lefutso baahi, ntshetsopele baeloji, cytology, Biochemistry, biometrics le ba bang.

Khanna magala lithuto tsa morao-rao ba atisa ho tsamaea le ka ho sebelisa mekhoa ea morao-rao e thehiloeng le tšebeliso ea mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea mahlaseli a kotsi, ho hlahloba lik'hemik'hale, 'me ka anthivaerase elektrone microscopy le sa t. D. Ipakele kamano e haufi le bobeli ho tloha laea kang bapisang human anatomy, phetoho le thalo ea liphoofolo le limela. Tlhokeho ya and analysis tshebetso le ho ithuta ho morphogenesis mehaho ya marapo ea mesaletsa etsa hore interpenetration tsa palaeontology, physiology, embryology, biomechanics.

Ka ho ba sethaleng joale ba 'nile ba ho atolosa maqhama human paleontology saense tikoloho (biogeocenology, biogeography) ka lebaka la ho ho bokella ngata tsa lintho tse bonahalang, e le hore ho phetha e and analysis bapisang tsa lintho tse phelang tsa boholo-holo histori dessyecik mekhoa actualism.