Mocheso manganga lits'epe tse kopantsoeng. steels khethehileng le lits'epe tse kopantsoeng. Tlhahiso le tshebediso ya lits'epe tse kopantsoeng mocheso manganga

Indasteri ea morao-rao ke ke nahana ntle le lintho tse bonahalang e le tse kang tšepe. Le eona, re tobana le hoo e ka bang mong le e mong ba retelehelang. Ke selelekela ka sebopeho lona metsoako e sa tšoaneng e ka haholo ntlafatsa mechine le tshebetso thepa.

tšepe ke eng

Tšepe e bitsoang motsoako e entsoe ka likaroloana tsa carbon le tšepe. Hape, e motsoako joalo (photo photo photo photo e ratang ka tlase) ka 'na na le likarolo tse ling tse se hloeke lik'hemik'hale.

'Maloa e ikhethang mehaho e re. Haeba dikahare k'habone e ka hare ho 0,025-0,8%, ya data e bitsoang lan-eutectoid tšepe 'me e be ka sebopeho bona perlite le ferrite. Ha hypereutectoid tšepe, ho ka etsahala ho boloka pearlite le mohato cementite. Tšobotsi e 'ngoe ea mohaho ferrite e kgolo ductility. Cementite boetse o na le thatafala haholo. Perlite theha bobeli mohato fetileng. E ka ba le sebopeho granular (by kenyeletso tsa lithollo tsa ferrite ba lokisetsa cementite eo na le chitja sebopeho) le poleiti (nyerologa bobeli ba na le mofuta o mong oa lipoleiti). Ha tšepe e halefile ka holimo mocheso moo ba polymorphs etsahala, joale e ntan'o ba liphetoho sebopeho ho austenite. mohato ona o na le ductility phahameng. Haeba dikahare k'habone feta 2,14%, thepa e joalo le lits'epe tse kopantsoeng ba bitsoa tšepe.

mefuta ea tšepe

Ho itšetlehile ka ho hlophisoa ha tšepe e ka ba har'a carbon tšepe le motsoako. K'habone dikahare ka tlase ho 0,25% ba tsebahala ka tlase k'habone tšepe. Haeba chelete eo e fihla 0,55%, ka nako eo re ka bua ka seaplane-motsoako. Tšepe, e leng e na le ka sebopeho lona tse fetang tse 0.6% k'habone, bitsoa phahameng-k'habone. Ha e ya hlahiswa ka logan le, theknoloji e ama selelekeleng likarolo itseng tsa lik'hemik'hale, sena tšepe motsoako bitsoang kateng. Selelekeleng ea likarolo tse fapa-fapaneng e haholo ho fetola thepa ea eona. Ha palo ea bona e ka tlase ho 4%, le tlaase-alloyed motsoako. Srednelegirovannoj le tšepe phahameng-motsoako o ka ho latellana ho 11% le ho feta 12% litšila. Ho itšetlehile ka moo naheng ea lits'epe tse kopantsoeng tšepe li sebelisoa, li abelwang karolo ya mefuta e joalo: karaoke, mehaho le khethehileng steels le lits'epe tse kopantsoeng.

thekenoloji difeme

tšepe-ho etsa thulaganyou e ke nako haholo timetsang. Ho akarelletsa ho mekhahlelo e 'maloa. Pele ho tsohle, o hloka lihlahisoa tse tala - tšepe manya. Mokhahlelo oa pele kenyelletsa ditokiseletso futhumatsang ho mocheso itseng. Ha sena se etsahala dithulaganyo oxidative. Ka mohato oa bobeli mocheso e ba e phahameng haholo. dithulaganyo k'habone ho kena moea li le matla haholo ho feta. Khoneha eketsehileng oksijene matlafatso ea motsoako ya. litšila ho sa batleheng li tlosoa ho slag ena. Mohato o latelang e lebisoa ho ho tloswa ha oksijene ho tswa tšepe hobane haholo fokotsa thepa phetha molao feela. diffusion Sena se ka ho etsoa kapa precipitating mokhoa. Ha deoxidation thulaganyou e ha e etsahala, e sephetho le tšepe e bitsoa e belang e. Khutsitseng motsoako ha emit likhase, oksijene e tlosoa ka ho feletseng. Ka pakeng tsa ba seka-bolaoa tšepe. Tlhahiso ea lits'epe tse kopantsoeng tsa tšepe le hlaha ka leifo la, le sebopi induction, mantlha oksijene sebōpi.

alloying tsa tšepe

E le hore ho fumana mekhoa e itseng ea thepa ea tšepe, sebopeho lona e laolwa dopants khethehileng. Melemo e ka sehloohong ea ho motsoako joalo e ntlafetse ho hanyetsa deformations tse sa tšoaneng, metsoako e ka tšeptjoang le litho mehaho e meng ea eketseha haholo. Tima fokotsa peresente ya mapetsong le likoli tse ling. Hangata, ka mokhoa joalo tsa ho tlala sebelisoa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa ho fana ka ho hanyetsa lik'hemik'hale ts'enyeho. Empa ho na le ba bang ba haelloang teng. Ba hlokang sebetswa eketsehileng, le kgonego phahameng ea ketsahalo e sa mapetsong hairline. Ho phaella moo, ho eketsa litšenyehelo tsa boitsebiso boo. The atileng ka ho fetisisa likarolo alloying - chromium nikele, tungsten, molybdenum le cobalt. tšimo ea bona ea kopo e haholo phahameng. boenjiniere le sena, 'me o fana ka tlhahiso ea lintlha tsa lipeipi, dimela matla, lifofane le ho feta.

Khopolo ea ho ho hanyetsa mocheso le mocheso ho hanyetsa

Lentsoe lena le mocheso o hanyetsa e ne a bua ka bokhoni ba tšepe kapa motsoako ho boloka litšobotsi tse eohle ea eona ha ho sebetsa ka thempereichara e phahameng. Maemong a joalo hangata a hlokomela khase ts'enyeho. Ka lebaka leo, lintho tse bonahalang tse o lokela ho rua ho hanyetsa ketso lona, ke ho ba le mocheso o kenelwe. Kahoo, litšobotsi tsa lits'epe tse kopantsoeng li sebelisoa mocheso o moholo ba lokela ho kenyeletsa bobeli likhopolo tsena. Feela ha steels joalo fana hlokahalang bophelong tšebeletso bakeng sa likarolo, lisebelisoa le thepa ea motheo e meng mehaho.

Features mocheso manganga tšepe

Maemong a moo mocheso fihla makgabane phahameng, ho hloka ho sebelisa lits'epe tse kopantsoeng leo ke ke putlama 'me re hanele deformation. Tabeng ena, e le mocheso manganga lits'epe tse kopantsoeng. Mocheso bueloang tsa thepa joalo - holimo 500 ° C. Ntlha bohlokoa bontšang tšepe tšoanang ke phahameng ho ba le mamello moedi, plasticity, e leng e ho hlokomelwa bakeng sa nako e telele hammoho le ho ikhatholla ho hanyetsa. Ho na le a 'maloa a dikarolo khona ho haholo eketsa ho hanyetsa mocheso ho phahameng: cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum. Le e tlamang karolo e chromium. Ha a haholo ama matla a, ho eketsa ho hanyetsa bakile. Chrome hape thibela dithulaganyo ts'enyeho. bath 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ea lits'epe tse kopantsoeng tsa mofuta ona - e kenelle lieha.

Classification mocheso kenelwe steels ea mohaho

Mocheso manganga le mocheso manganga lits'epe tse kopantsoeng ke ferritic tlelaseng, martensitic, austenitic le martensitic sebopeho feritno. Pele ba a qapa tse ka bang 30% chromium. Mora kalafo e khethehileng e ba lefa molato lijo-thollo sebopeho. Ha futhumatsang mocheso feta 850ºS, e eketseha ea lijo-thollo, 'me joalo thepa mocheso manganga ba brittle. limaraka Martensitic tšoauoa ka e chromium dikahare tsa ho tloha 4% ho 12%. Nikele hape le ka ho ba teng ka tekanyo e nyenyane, tungsten le likarolo tse ling. Ba bona ba ho hlahisa likarolo tse ling tsa turbines, di-valve ka koloi. Steels eo na le ka sebopeho lona e martensite le ferrite, a loketse bakeng sa tshebetso ka kamehla thempereichara e phahameng le ho nako e telele tshebetso. The dikahare chromium fihla 14%. Austenite e fumanoa ka ho kenyelletsa mocheso kenelwe nikele lits'epe tse kopantsoeng. Tšepe le sebopeho tšoanang na Brands tse ngata.

lits'epe tse kopantsoeng nikele thehiloeng

Nikele o sebelisa thepa e metle. O na le le phello e ntle ka machinability ea tšepe (bobeli chesang le a batang). Ha ntho kapa sesebelisoa etselitsoeng ho sebetsa ka libakeng sehlōhō, ho doping tsa elements ena haholo eketsa ho hanyetsa ts'enyeho. Mocheso manganga thepa nikele-botlaaseng ba arohane ka lihlopha tse latelang: mocheso manganga le mocheso kenelwe ka boeona. E qetellang lokela ho ba le bonyane mocheso manganga litšobotsi tse. Sebetsa le dithemparetjha fihle 1200 ° C. Ho phaella moo laolwa chromium kapa thaethaniamo. Characteristically, tšepe alloyed le nikele, ba le e nyenyane ea litšila tse kang barium, magnesium, boron, ka hona, ho feta lijo-thollo meeli ba matlafatsoa. Superalloys tsa mofuta o etsoa ka forgings, tšepe. Hape, hoa khoneha tsepahale borapeling bo hloekileng dintlha. Sebaka se ka sehloohong sa kopo - likarolo difeme tsa turbines khase. Mocheso manganga nikele-botlaaseng lits'epe tse kopantsoeng na le sebopeho le ho fihlela ho 30% chromium. Ba ka toka hantle ho tapa, tjheseletsa. Ho phaella moo, matsaranka hanyetsa e phahameng. Sena se etsa hore ho ka khoneha ho sebelisa ha ba le tsamaiso ea khase lipeipi.

Mocheso hanela tšepe, thaethaniamo motsoako

Thaethaniamo e hlahiswa ka e nyenyane (0,3%). Tabeng ena e ho eketsa motsoako matla. Haeba dikahare tsa lona ke e phahameng haholo, ba bang ba senyeha thepa phetha molao (thatafala, matla). Empa plasticity la keketseho e ho. Sena ntsetso-peleng ea sebetsa tšepe. Ha laolwa thaethaniamo hammoho dikarolo tse ding ka haholo ntlafatsa litšobotsi tse phahameng-mocheso. Haeba ho na le ke ho hlokahala hore a sebetse tikolohong e tletseng bora (haholo-holo tabeng ea ha ho hahoa e kenyeletsa tjheseletsa), e elements alloying lik'hemik'hale ya data e kenngoe.

lits'epe tse kopantsoeng cobalt

A palo e kholo ea cobalt (ho fihlela ho 80%) e sebelisoang ho hlahisa thepa e joalo e le superalloys le mocheso lits'epe tse kopantsoeng manganga, kaha e ke ka seoelo sebediswa foromo lona bo hloekileng. tsamaiso lona ntlafatsa ductility hammoho le ho hanyetsa tlas'a thempereichara e phahameng. Le a phahameng e le, a phahameng ka tjhelete e ya cobalt kenyelletsoa ka motsoako le. Ka ba bang ba setempe dikahare lona fihla 30%. Tšobotsi e 'ngoe e khethollang ea steels tsena - ntlafatso ya thepa a khoheli a. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la ho litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa cobalt, e sebelisa ke ho ena e fokolang.

Tšusumetso ea molybdenum ka superalloys

Active lik'hemik'hale elements haholo ama matla a lintho tse bonahalang tse ka thempereichara e phahameng. Haholo-holo e atlehang ke e sebelisa hammoho le likarolo tse ling. Ho haholo eketsa thatafala ea tšepe (se a ntse a dikahare ea 0,3%). matla Tensile hape eketsa. Tšobotsi e 'ngoe ntle tseo na superalloys doped molybdenum - itseng e khōloanyane ea ho hanyetsa dithulaganyo oxidative. Molybdenum thusa hore ho ntlafatso ea lijo-thollo. The bozangi litomba ke thatafalloa ke tsa tjheseletsa.

steels tse ling e khethehileng le lits'epe tse kopantsoeng

Ho phetha mesebetsi e itseng hlokang thepa ea hore na thepa ea itseng. Kahoo, re ka bua ka tšebeliso ea lits'epe tse kopantsoeng khethehileng, e leng ka ba ka bobeli alloyed le carbon. The sete ea ho qetela ea litšobotsi tse hlokahalang e finyelloa ka lebaka la 'nete ea hore ho tlhahisong ea lits'epe tse kopantsoeng le ho e lokisa ha bona ho ea theknoloji e khethehileng. lits'epe tse kopantsoeng mong khethehileng le steels ba arotsoe ka mehaho le phetha. Har'a mathata a ka sehloohong bakeng sa mofuta ona wa thepa tse latelang: ho hanyetsa ts'enyeho le apara dithulaganyo, matla a ho sebetsa tikolohong e tletseng bora, eketsa litšobotsi tse phetha molao feela. Ka sehlopha sena ke mocheso manganga tšepe le lits'epe tse kopantsoeng ka mocheso phahameng sebetsa le cryogenic tšepe hore ka mamella ho fihlela ho -296ºS.

sesebelisoa tšepe

Bakeng sa tlhahisong ea lisebelisoa le sebelisitsoe ka proizvodnje oa sesebelisoa tšepe e khethehileng. Ka lebaka la 'nete ea hore maemo a ho sebetsa ea thepa e fapaneng le tsona di a khetha le batho ka bomong. Ho tloha ka liletsa tse ena ditlhoko phahameng, 'me litšobotsi tsa lits'epe tse kopantsoeng tsa tlhahiso ea bona e loketseng ho tse: ba lokela ho lokoloha litšila ka ntle, inclusions tsa thulaganyou e deoxidation e hantle atlehe,' me mohaho o homogeneous. Bakeng sa ho lekanya liletsa e le bohlokoa ho ba le tshebetso tsitsitse 'me re hanele qhoaele. Ha a bua ka seha lisebelisoa, hore ba o sebetse ka thempereichara e phahameng (bohale futhumatsang le hlaha), kamehla khohlano le deformation. Ka hona, ka bona hore ke habohlokoa haholo ho boloka thatafala mathomo ha halefile. mofuta o mong oa sesebelisoa tšepe - phahameng lebelo. Ha e le hantle, ho e alloyed le tungsten. Thatafala e hlokomelwa ka mocheso oa ka bang 600 ° C. Ho na le boetse ho na le shoa steels. Ba li etselitsoe bakeng sa deformation bobeli chesang le a batang.

Boholo khethehileng lits'epe tse kopantsoeng morero oa

The liindasteri tse sebelisang lits'epe tse kopantsoeng le litšobotsi tse khethehileng beha. Ka lebaka la boleng lona phahameng, ba bohlokoahali ka boenjiniere bo sa, o hlophisitse kaho, indasteri oli e tala. Mocheso manganga le mocheso manganga lits'epe tse kopantsoeng a sebelisitsoeng ka eona ka proizvodnje ea likarolo tsa turbines, likarolo tsa likoloi. Steels eo na le e phahameng makgetheng anticorrosive, ke ba bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho hlahisa liphaephe, carburetors linale, disks, likarolo tse sa tšoaneng tsa indasteri lik'hemik'hale le. The rails tsa terene le, linkho, bangna tsamaisa - motheo bakeng sa sena sohle ke qhoaele manganga steels. Tlhahiso le boima ba tsekema, woman stage le lintho tse tšoanang le sebelisoa automaton lits'epe tse kopantsoeng. Liliba e lokela ho ba ka ho lekaneng rekere le tsoarellang. Ka lebaka leo, lintho tse bonahalang bakeng sa bona ke selemo tšepe. E le hore ho ntlafatsa boleng ena e ka ho eketsehileng alloyed le chromium molybdenum. lits'epe tse kopantsoeng tsohle e khethehileng le steels le sete ya litšobotsi tse itseng ka fokotsa litsenyehelo tsa ho ba likarolo moo pele e neng e sebelisoa tšepe batho bao e seng ferrous.