'Meleng le lik'hemik'hale thepa oa sebabole

Sebabole - toka tloaelehile mofuta lik'hemik'hale elements (dikahare metso e tšeletseng ka karolong e ka holimo ea lefatše 'me ea botšelela - ka metsi tsa tlhaho). Ho na le bobeli sebabole letsoalloa (mahala boemo elements) le dikgokelo lona.

Sebabole tsa tlhaho

Har'a bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa liminerale tsa tlhaho sebabole ka bitsoa tšepe pyrite, sphalerite, Galena, cinnabar, stibnite. Maoatle leng haholo-holo ka sebopeho sa k'halsiamo sulphate, magnesium le sodium bakang tenyetsehe oa metsi a tlhaho.

Mokhoa oa ho fumana sebabole?

Qotsitsoeng ho tsa manya sebabole e hlahisoang ke mekhoa e fapaneng. Mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa sebabole e qhibilihisa lona ka kotloloho ho situ.

Open mokhoa meepo ho akarelletsa le tšebeliso ea excavators, tlosa dikarolo litšila lefika hore koahela manya sulfuric. Mora sithabetsa manya seam le eo mohloli ho lebisoa ho seroplavilny dimela bona.

Ho indasteri, sebabole e fumanweng ka byproduct tsa dithulaganyo ka sebopi ho qhibiliha, ho hloekisoa. Lintho tse ngata tse khōlō, e le teng ka khase ea tlhaho (ka mokgwa wa dioxide e sebabole kapa sulfide hydrogen), ea qotsitsoeng ho ea eona e beha ka mabota a thepa sebelisoa. Qabeletsoe khase e tsoang sebabole e sebediswa ho indasteri e metle lik'hemik'hale e le lihlahisoa tse tala bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tse sa tšoaneng.

boitsebiso boo ka ka lokisoa ho tloha tlhaho le sebabole dioxide. Ho etsa sena, sebelisa mokhoa Claus. Ho na le ha a sebelisa "likoting sebabole" eo ho eona ho ke degassing sebabole. Phello ke sebabole fetotsoeng ba ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ka tlhahiso ea sekontiri.

Basic allotropic phetolo sebabole

Sebabole tlholeho allotropy. A palo e kholo ea diphetolo allotropic. The tummeng ka ho fetisisa ke orthorhombic (bonaletsang), monoclinic (nale) le sebabole polasetiki. Pele diphetolo tse peli tse tsitsitseng, ka boraro nakong solidification e fetoloa rhombic ka.

The thepa ea tlhaho eo khethollang sebabole

Limolek'hule tsa orthorhombic (α-S) le monoclinic (β-S) e na le diphetolo ho 8 liathomo sebabole, tse amanang ka sekgoqetsane koetsoeng ka litlamo le 'ngoe covalent.

Tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, sebabole na le phetolo rhombic. Ke mosehla bonaletsang tiileng le segokanyipalo sa tsa 2,07 g, / cm, ^3. Ho qhibiliha ka 113 ° C. Monoclinic sebabole segokanyipalo e 1,96 g, / cm, ^3, qhibiliha lona mocheso ke 119,3 ° C.

Holim 'a qhibiliha eketseha sebabole bukeng' me e ba mokelikeli bosehla eo fellang sootho ka 160 ° C le fetoloa e viscous lefifi sootho boima a fihla ka 190 ° C. Ha thempereichara e ka holimo boleng ena le e tiileng e qamathelang sebabole decreases. Hoo e ka bang 300 ° C hape e ba mokelikeli flowable naha. Sena ke hobane mosebetsing oa ho futhumatsa e polymerized sebabole, le eketseha mocheso ho eketseha ketane bolelele. Le ha boleng ba mocheso ka holimo ho 190 ° C ho na le ho timetsoa ha diyuniti polymerized.

Holim 'a Cooling le qhibiliha sebabole ka tlhaho ho thehiloe crucibles cylindrical thoeng hlama sebabole - kristale rhombic ea litekanyo kgolo, ho ba le sebopeho a fosahetseng mabapi le octahedrons le karolo e' ngoe "khaola" metshetshe kapa likhutlong.

Ha lintho tse bonahalang entsoeng ka ho qhibilihisoa e tlas'a tima (mohlala, ka ho sebedisa metsi a batang), ho ka etsahala ho fumana sebabole polasetiki, ke thinyetsehang rubbery boima sootho kapa lefifi 'mala o mofubelu, le segokanyipalo sa tsa 2,046 g, / cm, ^3. phetolo ena, ho fapana le orthorhombic le monoclinic ke sa tsitsang. Butle-butle (tse fetang lihora tse 'maloa), lea feto-fetoha' mala ho mosehla, e fetoha brittle le fetoha rhombic ka.

Ha freezing mouoane sebabole (chesa haholo) mokelikeli naetrojene liforomo purpurea e phetolo lona, e leng ntho e tsitsitseng ka thempereichara e ka tlase ho tloswa 80 ° C.

The mahareng ea metsi ke hoo e batlang e insoluble sebabole. Leha ho le joalo e tšoauoa ka solubility molemo solvents manyolo. Empa mafutsana mokhanni ea motlakase le mocheso.

The belisoa ntlha oa sebabole ke 444,6 ° C. A phehile thulaganyou e tsamaisana le tokoloho ea ho qhala mosi lamunu bosehla bopilweng haholo-holo ea S ₈ limolek'hule tseo dissociate holim 'futhumatsang morago ga moo, ho fellang ka sebopeho sa equilibrium bopa S _6, S ₄ le S _2. Ho feta moo, ha e chesang bola limolek'hule kholo, 'me ka e mocheso ka holimo ho likhato tse 900 lipara akarelletsa le hantle ya S ₂ limolek'hule _dissociate ka liathomo ka 1500 ° C.

Seo se na le thepa ea sebabole lik'hemik'hale?

Sebabole ke e tloaelehileng ea batho bao e seng tšepe. Lik'hemik'hale mafolofolo. Ho kena moea - phokotseho thepa oa sebabole bontšoa mabapi le plurality likarolo. Ha halefile, ho ka habonolo amanang le hoo e ka bang likarolo tsohle, e hlalosang ho ba teng ha sona e tlamang ea tšepe metallic. Kantle ke PT, Au, ke _2, N ₂ le likhase seoelo. Ho kena moea tseo o bontša ka metsoako sebabole, -2, +4, +6.

Properties sebabole le oksijene bakela combustion e lona moeeng. Phello ea sebelisana ena ke sebopeho sa dioxide e sebabole (SO ₂₎ le sebabole (SO ₃₎ anhydrides sebelisoa ho hlahisa acid sulfurous le sulfuric.

Ho wa kamore, ka thepa ea phokotso sebabole li bonahatsoa feela mabapi le fluorine ka itšoara joang e bopa sebabole hexafluoride :

• S + 3F ₂ = SF _6.

Holim 'a futhumatsang (ka qhibiliha a) e ileng a itšoara ka chloride, phosphorus, ka silicon, carbon. The liphetoho le hydrogen sulfide go tlaleletsa hydrogen liforomo sulfane kopantswe akaretsang moralo o balletsweng H ₂ S _H.

Oxidative thepa hlokomela sebabole ke itsoara joang ka tšepe. Maemong a mang, ho motho ea ka ba boloke haholo itsoara joang ka matla. The sebelisana tsa sulfides tšepe thehoa (metsoako sebabole) le polysulfides (mnogosernistye tšepe).

Ka nako e telele futhumatsang itšoara ka acid e matla, oxidants, ao ho 'ona ho oxidized.

Ka mor'a moo, nahana ka thepa tsa motheo tsa metsoako sebabole.

dioxide e sebabole

Sebabole oxide e (IV), hape o ile a re e le dioxide e sebabole le sulfurous anhydride, ke khase e (colorless) le e bohale monko suffocating. Ho atisa ho ba liquefied le tlas'a khatello ka mocheso kamore. SO ₂ ke oxide e asiti. E tšoauoa ke e ntle ea metsi solubility. Sena se etsa hore ba fokolang, sa tsitsang sulfurous acid e, e leng teng feela tharollo ea metsi. Ba itšoara joang ea dioxide e sebabole le sulfites a alkali thehoa.

E na le ena le phahameng mosebetsi lik'hemik'hale. lebisitsoeng ho fetisisa ke thepa ea phokotso ea oxide e sebabole (IV) lik'hemik'hale. liphetoho tse joalo li tsamaea le ho eketseha ha tekanyo e oa ho kena moea sebabole.

Oxidative lik'hemik'hale thepa bonahatsa oxide e sebabole ka ho ba teng ha mahlahana matla fokotsa (mohlala, carbon monoxide).

trioxide sebabole

Sebabole trioxide (sebabole dioxide e) - e oxide e phahameng ka ho fetisisa oa sebabole (VI). Tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, ke colorless hloka botsitso mokelikeli ho ba le monko o suffocating. Ho atisa ho le hatsele ka makgabane mocheso ka tlaase ho feta likhato 16,9. Tabeng ena, motsoako oa diphetolo fapaneng kristale ea trioxide tiileng sebabole. Phahameng sebabole oxide e hygroscopic thepa bakela lona "dymlenie" ka maemo a moea le mongobo. Ka lebaka leo, sebopeho sa marotholi acid e sulfuric.

sulfide hydrogen

Hydrogen sulfide ke binary lik'hemik'hale komponeng ea hydrogen le sebabole. H ₂ S - ke nang le chefo e colorless khase, litšobotsi bath ea tse monate tatso le monko oa mahe bolileng. Ho qhibiliha ka mocheso oa ho tloswa 86 ° C le taba ho -60 ° C. Thermally sa tsitsang. Ha mocheso o nka phahame ho feta 400 ° C etsa hore li bole kapele 'ea sulfide le hydrogen ho S le H _2. Ho tšoauoa ka solubility molemo ethanol. metsi ho qhalana hampe. Ka lebaka la shoa hoa ka metsi e bopa sulfide hydrogen acid e fokolang. Hydrogen sulfide ke matla fokotsa moemeli.

Chang. Ka go tuka ga molelo moea lona ka boloka putsoa lelakabe. Ka concentrations phahameng e ka etsa joang ka lirafshoa tse ngata.

asiti sulfuric

asiti Sulfuric (H ₂ SO ₄₎ e ka ba ea concentrations tse fapa-fapaneng le ho hloka sekoli. Puso anhydrous ke colorless mafura mokelikeli ba se nang monko.

mocheso eaba ntho e qhibilihile, e 10 ° C. Belang ntlha e 296 ° C. metsi ho qhalana hantle. Ha qhibiliha sulfuric acid e hydrates li thehoa, ka palo e kholo ea mocheso. The belisoa ntlha ya ditharollo ea metsi ka khatello ea ya 760 limilimithara Hg. Bonono. le leholo ho 100 ° C. Eketsa e belang ntlha e hlaha le ho eketseha acid e ea mahloriso.

The thepa acid e ea lintho tse bonahalang tse hlaha ka sebelisana le oxides mantlha le makalana. H ₂ SO ₄ ke diacid, ka tsela eo a ka theha ka sulfates (letsoai mahareng) le hydrosulfates (asiti letsoai), tseo boholo ba tsona li qhibilihang ka har'a metsi.

Sena se ka ho hlaka ho fetisisa o ile a bontša thepa ea acid e sulfuric ka liphetoho redox. Sena ke ka ntlha ya go ha e le hantle hore ea ho hlophisoa la H ₂ SO ₄ ka tekanyo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea ho kena moea sebabole (6). Ka mohlala liponahatso thepa oxidative ea acid e sulfuric ka fella ka itšoara joang le koporo:

• , Cu + 2H ₂ SO ₄ = CuSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O + SO _2.

Sebabole: e molemo thepa

Sebabole ke mosaletsa elements ea bohlokoa bakeng sa lintho tse phelang. Ke karolo ea amino acid e (methionine le cysteine), potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale le divithamini. elements ena ho akarelletsa ho thehoe sebōpeho e phahameng ea protheine ena. Ka tjhelete e ya sebabole lik'hemik'hale tlamelletsoe tse liprotheine, ke ke boima ba 'mele ho tloha 0,8 ho 2,4%. The dikahare tsa elements le ka 'mele oa motho ke ka 2 dikgerama ka ho ya ka lik'hilograma 1 ya boima (i.e., ka 0,2% oa sebabole).

Useful thepa ya elements mosaletsa ke ke overestimated. Ho Sireletsa protoplasm ea mali, sebabole e le mothusi a sebetsang a 'mele le ho loantša libaktheria tse kotsi li. Ho itšetlehile ka ka tjhelete e ya hoama, hore ke karolo ea ho thusa ho boloka boemo ba lona e lekaneng. Sebabole hape phetha karolo ea ho hlokomela maemo tloaelehileng bile mahloriso hlahisoang ke 'mele.

"Beauty matsoai" e atisa ho bitsoa, hobane ke ho hlile ho hlokahala hore a lule a bophelo bo botle ba letlalo, moriri le manala. Sebabole bokhoni ba tlholeho ho sireletsa 'mele khahlanong le mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea tshusumetso e mpe ea tikoloho. E thusa ho fokotsa lebelo botsofaling. Sebabole hloekisa 'mele oa chefo le ho sireletsa ho tswa ho mahlaseli a kotsi, e leng bohlokoa ka ho khetheha hona joale, fuoa jwale boemo ba tikoloho.

bokae lekaneng ea mosaletsa likarolo 'meleng ho ka etsa hore ho tlosa mafutsana chefo, maloetseng tlaase le mafolofolo.

Sebabole - e morupeluoa ea tala baktheria. Ke karolo ea bacteriochlorophyll le hydrogen sulfide - mohloli oa haedrojene.

Sera: thepa le dikopo ho indasteri

Ka ho fetisisa ho pharaletseng a sebelisa sebabole ho hlahisa acid e sulfuric. E boetse e le thepa ea lintho tse bonahalang ena lumella tšebeliso ea eona ea vulcanization tsa rabara, ka fungicide ka temo esita le lithethefatsi (colloid sebabole). Ho feta moo, sebabole e sebediswa bakeng sa ho hlahisa mollo le o hlophisitsoeng pyrotechnic, ho ke ke e le karolo ea ho etsa e hlophisitsoeng serobitumnyh seroasfalta.