Mekhoa ea ho ithuta ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ea batho.

Matsatsing ana liphatsa tsa lefutso ke ea bohlokoa haholo tšimong ea saense ho etsa lipatlisiso. The peleka bakeng sa ntshetsopele lona e ne e le thuto ea tsebahalang ea Charles Darwin ka discreteness tsa lefutso, khethong ea tlhaho le phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ka lebaka la liphetoho tse ka phetiso microcyteme genotype. Ba qala ho ntshetsopeleng lona qalong ea tse lekholo tse fetileng, liphatsa tsa lefutso, saense e ile ea fihla ka tekanyo e khōlō, ho mekhoa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa botho ka nako eo ke e 'ngoe ea libakeng tse ka sehloohong tsa ho ithuta ka sebōpeho sa batho le liphoofolo tse hlaha ka kakaretso.

Nahana ka mekhoa eo ea motheo ea ho ithuta liphatsa tsa lefutso, tsejoang kateng hona joale.

Mekhoa meloko lipatlisiso liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa botho ba hlahloba le qeto ea mohlala dibopeho tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse latellanang ka pedigrees. Sephetho le lesedi sebediswa bakeng sa thibelo, prophylaxis le monyetla oa ho hlwaya tšobotsi ithutile ka bana ba - mafu a lefa. Lefa la e ka ba autosomal (ponahalo ea tšobotsi ka khonehang ka kgonego lekana ka sexes bobeli) le hammoho le chromosome thobalano haufi microcyteme.

mokhoa Autosomal, le eena, e arotsoe lefa la autosomal ka sehloohong (allele ka sehloohong le ka boela ka hlokomela ka homozygous le heterozygous) le autosomal lefa la recessive (recessive allele ka hlokomela feela boemo homozygous). Ka mofuta ona wa lefa la lefu lena le o ile a bontša ka ho meloko e 'maloa.

Sex-amahanngoa le lefa e tšoauoa ka diriswa la phatsa ea lefutso e fapaneng ka likarolo homologous le nonhomologous Y- kapa X-chromosome. Ho ea ka ka semelo genotypic, e leng e localized ka chromosomes bong, beha basali hetero- kapa homozygous, empa banna ba nang le 'ngoe feela X-chromosome nomoro ka feela ba hemizygous. Ka mohlala, tse tšehali heterozygous ka fetisetsa boloetse ho futsitseng ka mora le barali.

mekhoa skeletal ea thuto ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho etsa lipatlisiso e le bakoang ke lefu lefa a tšoaetsanoang ka lebaka la liphetoho tse bang teng liphatseng tsa lefutso. mekhoa joalo liphatsa tsa lefutso batho lithuto tsa senola lefa likoli tshilong ya dijo ka ho beha dibopeho protheine, potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale, lik'habohaedreite le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa metaboliki tse setseng ka mokelikeli kantle ho sele ea phelang (mali, mofufutso, moroto, mathe, joalo-joalo).

mekhoa mafahla lipatlisiso liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa botho utloisisa mafu lefa ithutile litšobotsi. mafahla tsoanang (ka ho feletseng phelang develops tloha zygotes peli kapa ho feta e sithabetseng likarolo a sa le sethaleng ba pele ba ntshetsopeleng lona) na le genotype tsoanang, e leng e ka khona ho utloa se tšoane ka lebaka la tšusumetso Link tikoloho ka phenotype batho. mafahla botsoalle oo (tse peli kapa ho feta kopana mahe) di amanang le e mong le e tse ling tse motho ka mong genotype, eo lumella ho hlahloba lintlha tsa tikoloho le lefa la genotypic semelo sa motho.

Cytogenetic mokhoa oa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho etsa lipatlisiso le sebelisitsoe ka ho ithuta ea phetoho ea chromosomes le karyotype tloaelehileng, eo lumella ba bonoa ba liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso genomic le chromosomal ho hlahloba mafu a lefa ka boemo chromosomal, 'me hape ho batlisisa hore na ketso eo mutagenic tsa lik'hemik'hale, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, meriana, joalo-joalo Lewa lena e sebelisoang haholo ka and analysis le morago ga moo e boitsebahatso ba phelang ba tsela e sa tloaelehang a lefa pele a tsoaloa. Prenatal phumano ea mokelikeli amniotic e fumanoe ka trimester pele ea bokhachane, e leng se etsang hore ho be bonolo ho nka qeto ka ho felisoa ha bokhachane.