Litšobotsi tsa sebabole. Kopo ea sebabole. Medical sebabole

Chalcogens - likarolo sehlopha bua ka sebabole ka. letshwao lona lik'hemik'hale - S - lengolo la pele la Latin lebitso la Sebabole. Sebopeho e bonolo ntho e tlalehiloeng ke letshwao ena ntle le li-index. Nahana ka lintlha tse khōlō mabapi le mohaho, thepa, ho lokisetsa le tshebediso ya elements ena. makgetheng sebabole tla tšohloa ka ho qaqileng kamoo ho ka khonehang.

ditshebetso le ho se tšoane ho tloaelehile hore batho chalcogen

Sebabole ama lesikeng la oksijene. Sena ke sehlopha la bo16 la lilemo ka morao-rao e telele-nako theha setšoantšo sa tsamaiso ea nako le nako (PS). likamore siiloe ke nako 'me li-index - Via. Mabitso a thepa ea motheo lik'hemik'hale tsa sehlopha, matšoao lik'hemik'hale:

• oksijene (O);
• sebabole (S);
• selenium (Se);
• tellurium (Te);
• polonium (Po).

Le ka ntle le elektrone khetla likarolo lokisetsa ka holimo e tšoanang. E na le 'ohle a tšeletseng dieleketerone valence eo ba ka kenya letsoho ka ho sebopeho sa litlamo tsa lik'hemik'hale le liathomo tse ling. metsoako haedrojene na le sebopeho H ₂ R, mohlala, H ₂ S - sulfide hydrogen. Mabitso a thepa ea motheo lik'hemik'hale eaba ba etsa le oksijene mefuta e 'meli tsa metsoako: sebabole, selenium le tellurium. oxides kakaretso mekhoa ea likarolo tsena - RO _2, RO _3.

Chalcogen tsamaisana dintho tse sa rarahanang, e leng fapana haholo ka svostvam meleng. The atileng ka ho fetisisa ka karolong e ka holimo ea chalcogen tsohle - oksijene le sebabole. Karolo ea pele e hlalosa khase ba babeli, bobeli - the-butle. Polonium - the ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi elements - tloaelehang karolong e ka holimo ea lefatše. Le sehlopha sa oksijene ho polonium thepa metallic fokotseha le keketseho ea tšepe. Mohlala, sebabole - tloaelehileng nonmetal le tellurium na le metallic benya 'me conductivity motlakase.

№ elements 16 ba tsamaiso ea nako le nako Di Mendeleev

The a lekanyelitsoeng athomo boima sebabole - 32,064. Ba atileng ka ho fetisisa linthong tsa tlhaho feela isotope ³² S (tse fetang 95% ka boima ba 'mele). Fumanoa ka bongata nyenyane nuclides le boima athomo ea 33, ea 34 le 36. bath oa sebabole ka boemo ba SS le sebopeho athomo:

• seriale palo - 16;
• taolong ea athomo e 16;
• athomo radius - 0,104 NM;
• ionization mafolofolo a -10,36 eV;
• a lekanyelitsoeng electronegativity - 2,6;
• tekanyo ea ho kena moea ka metsoako - +6, +4, +2, -2;
• valence - II (-), II (+), IV (+), VI (+).

Sebabole ke ka nako boraro; dieleketerone ka athomo e leng teng ka maemo a mararo eneji ee: pele - 2, bobeli - 8, - sa boraro 6. valence dieleketerone tsohle tse kantle. Ha ho kopana le lirafshoa tse ngata electronegative sebabole fana 4 kapa 6 dieleketerone, fumana tloaelehileng ho kena moea boemo +6, +4. The liphetoho le hydrogen le athomo tšepe hulela dieleketerone sieo octets tse peli ho tlatsa le ho fihlela boemo tsitsitseng. The ho kena moea tabeng ena e theolela ho -2.

The thepa meleng rhombic e le mefuta e monoclinic allotropic

Tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, ho liathomo sebabole li kopantsoe hammoho ka a sa le hlaha ka lehlakoreng le ka balebeli ba potoloho tsitsitseng. Ba ile ba ka koaloa ka lesale, e leng fana ka maikutlo a ho ba teng ha limolek'hule cyclic sebabole. Sebopeho sa Mokgwa wa ho Nahana bontša S ₆ le S _8.

makgetheng sebabole tlameha ho eketswa tlhaloso phapang pakeng tsa diphetolo allotropic le thepa a fapaneng 'meleng.

Rhombic kapa α-sebabole - the tsitsitseng fetisisa bonaletsang foromo. Ena e khanyang kristale mosehla, e bopilweng ka limolek'hule S _8. rhombic sebabole segokanyipalo ke 2,07 g, / cm3. kristale khanya bosehla ba monoclinic foromo β-thehoa sebabole ka segokanyipalo sa tsa 1,96 g, / cm3. Belang ntlha fihla 444,5 ° C.

Ba lokisetsa ho ea sebabole amorphous

Seo mebala e sebabole le boemong polasetiki? Ena ke lefifi sootho boima, tšoanang haholo le phofo bosehla kapa kristale. Ho fumana e, o lokela ho qhibiliha le rhombic kapa monoclinic sebabole. Ha thempereichara e ka holimo ea 110 ° C le mokelikeli e thehoa, ha ka ho eketsehileng futhumatsang e darkens ka 200 ° C le fetoha o teteaneng le viscous. Ha ka potlako tšela le sebabole entsoeng ka ho qhibilihisoa ka metsi a batang, ho lona o thatafalang ho theha zig-zag liketane, tseo sebopeho bonahatsa moralo S _{n g.}

The solubility oa sebabole

Ba bang ba diphetolo tsa ntho e qhibilihang ka har'a carbon disulfide, benzene, toluene kapa ammonia metsi. Ha folisoa butle ditharollo manyolo li ebe thehoa linale monoclinic sebabole. Bakeng sa e le mouoane ya sephalli ema kristale hlakile sirilamunu bosehla ba rhombic sebabole. Ba senyeha habonolo, li ka habonolo sila ho phofo. Sebabole ke insoluble ka metsing. kristale ea teba ho ea botlaaseng ba sekepe, 'me phofo le ka a phaphametse ka holim'a metsi (bao e seng wettable).

thepa lik'hemik'hale

liphetoho li bontša tloaelehileng nonmetallic thepa elements № 16:

• sebabole oxidizes tšepe le hydrogen, e fokotsehile ho S ^2- Ion;
• combustion tsa moea le oksijene li hlahisitseng di- le sebabole trioxide, tse anhydrides acid e;
• ke itšoara joang le e mong elements feta electronegative - fluoro - Sebabole hape lahleheloang dieleketerone lona (oxidize).

Free sebabole tsa tlhaho

E le ho ata oa sebabole ka karolong e ka holimo ea lefatše e ka sebaka sa bo15 har'a likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale le. The dikahare karolelano ea S liathomo ka majoe le liminerale ke ya 0.05% ke boima ba 'mele ea karolong e ka holimo ea.

Seo mebala e sebabole tsa tlhaho (letsoalloa)? Sena se khanya bosehla phofo le monko o khethollang kapa kristale bosehla ba le benya khalase. Mobung ka mokgwa wa mobung, e le dikarolo bonaletsang oa sebabole fumanoa libakeng tsa volcanism boholo-holo le ea kajeno ka Italy, Poland, Bochabela bo Hare, Japane, Mexico, United States. Atisa ho ba tse qotsitsoeng ea drusen ke e ntle le seqhenqha kristale le 'ngoe.

Haedrojene sulphide le oxides tsa tlhaho

Libakeng tse foqohang seretse se chesang li teng holim'a metsi oa gaseous komponeng sebabole. Black leoatle ka ka botebo ba fetang 200 limithara e sa pheleng ka lebaka la karohano ea sulfide hydrogen H ₂ S. The moralo oxide e divalent sebabole - SO _2, trivalent - SO _3. Tsena metsoako gaseous ba teng le ka ho hlophisoa ha ba bang ba oli, khase, metsi tlhaho. Sebabole e kenyelelitsoe a ea ho hlophisoa la mashala. Ho ke ke ho hlokahala bakeng sa kaho ea metsoako ngata manyolo. Ha putrefaction liprotheine mahe khoho lokolloa sulfide hydrogen, kahoo, ho e atisa ho boleloa hore khase monko oa mahe bolileng. Sebabole ke la thepa ea motheo e biogenic, ho ke ke ho hlokahala bakeng sa kgolo le ntshetsopele ya monna, liphoofolo le limela.

Bohlokoa ba sulphides tlhaho le sulphates

Litšobotsi tsa sebabole tla fella ha se bolele hore karolo e fumanoa ha feela ka sebōpeho sa ntho e bonolo le e oxide e. The atileng ka ho fetisisa metsoako tsa tlhaho - ke letsoai ea acid e sulfuric le sulfide hydrogen. Sulfides tsa koporo, tšepe, zinki, mercury, etella fumanoang ka ho hlophisoa ha liminerale chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, Galena, le cinnabar. From sulfates ka ho builoeng sodium, k'halsiamo, barium le magnesium letsoai eo theha ka liminerale tlhaho 'me mafika (mirabilite, gypsum, selenite, barite, kieserite, epsomite). Kaofela ha metsoako tsena li sebelisoa mekgeng e sa tšoaneng ea moruo, li sebelisoa e le lihlahisoa tse tala bakeng sa sebetsa liindasteri, menontsha, thepa ea kaho. bohlokoa haholo bongaka bonaletsang itseng.

baeti ba fihlelang

mosehla ntho profinseng mahala le hlaha ka tlhaho ho bolibeng fapaneng. Haeba ho hlokahala, le sebabole e qhibilihile tloha majoe ka ntle ho hōlisa tsona ka holimo, ha pompa botebo superheated mouoane le moea petetswa. mokhoa o mong e akarelletsa sublimation a mafika sithabetseng sebopi khethehileng. mekhoa e meng e akarelletsa ho shoa hoa tsa carbon disulfide kapa flotation.

ditlhoko Industry Sebabole kgolo, kahoo ho fumana ntho lona elemental sebediswa komponeng. The sulfide hydrogen le sulfide sebabole ke ka fokotswa foromo. The ho kena moea boemo ba elements ke lekana le -2. Sebabole ho kena moea o etsoang ke eketsa boleng ho 0. Mohlala, mokhoa oa ho LeBlanc sodium sulfate e fokotsehile ho sulfide k'habone. Joale e se o ile a fumana ho tswa ho sulfide k'halsiamo, e tšoaroa ka carbon dioxide le mouoane ea metsi. La sephetho sulfide hydrogen e oxidized ke oksijene sepakapakeng ka ho ba teng ha sethothetsi ka: 2H ₂ S + O ₂ = 2H ₂ O + bo-2 go. Boikemisetso ba sebabole fumana ka litsela tse fapaneng, ka linako tse ling ho fana e tlase litsupa ho hloka sekoli. Ho hloekisoa kapa ho itlhoekisa e etsoang ke distillation, rectification, lokisa metsoako ea acid.

Tshebediso ya sebabole ho indasteri ea kajeno

Granular sebabole tsoela litlhoko fapaneng ho hlahisoeng:

1. Ba lokisetsa ho ea acid e sulfuric ho indasteri lik'hemik'hale le.
2. Production sulfites le sulfates.
3. Lokolla lokisetsa fertilizing dimela, lefu le tse senyang lijalo.
4. Sebabole-e nang le tšepe e meepo le lik'hemik'hale dimela sebetswa bakeng sa lirafshoa nonferrous. tlhahiso ea pataganeng e acid e sulfuric.
5. Ho qaloa ho ba bang ba limaraka tsa tšepe ho ruta thepa e khethehileng.
6. Ka lebaka vulcanizing rabara fumana rabara.
7. Production mollo, pyrotechnics, liqhomane.
8. Sebelisa bakeng sa ba lokisetsa ho ea pente, ka mebala, ea likhole tse iketselitsoeng.
9. Soeufala masela.

Toxicity oa sebabole le metsoako lona

Dusts likaroloana nang le monko o sa thabiseng, halefisa lera la mucous tsa nasal cavity le pampitšana matšoafo, mahlo le letlalo. Empa toxicity elemental sebabole e sa nkoa e le haholo-holo phahameng. Inhalation tsa sulfide hydrogen le dioxide e ka etsa hore chefo haholo.

Ha roasting manya sebabole-e nang le ho smelters likhase qeta monono ha ba tla tsoa joang, ba kena sepakapakeng. Tlohang le marotholi a le mouoane ea metsi, oxides sebabole le phahama naetrojene teleng ho seo ho thoeng ke pula acid e.

Sebabole le metsoako ea eona e temo

Dimela jang sulphate ions hammoho tharollo mobu. Fokotsa dikahare sebabole isang lieha fatše ka tala lisele tse metabolism ea-amino acid le liprotheine. Ka hona sulfates sebediswa bakeng sa fertilizing lijalo ya temo.

Ho disinfect matlo a likhoho, cellars, mabenkeleng meroho e bonolo ntho chesoa kapa tšoaroa ka libaka tsa morao-rao lithethefatsi sulfa. oxide e sebabole nang le tsona thepa loantsang likokoana tse telele fumane kopo ea tlhahiso ea veine ha bolokwa meroho le litholoana. lithethefatsi sebabole li sebelisoa e le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana tsa ho laola mafu le tse senyang lijalo (phori le mites sekho).

Sebelisoa ka moriana

bohlokoa haholo ho ithuta thepa meriana ya phofo bosehla o ile a fa lingaka le leholo la khale Avicenna le Paracelsus. Ho ile hamorao etsa qeto ea hore motho eo e sa ho sebabole lekane ho tswa ho fokolisa lijo, mathata bophelo (tse akarelletsang ho hlohlona le flaking tsa letlalo, moriri le manala fokolisang). 'Nete ke hore ntle le sebabole litsebeng tswakana ea-amino acid, keratin, dithulaganyo skeletal' meleng.

Medical sebabole kenyelletsoa mafura bakeng sa kalafo ya mafu a letlalo: maqoqomete, eczema, psoriasis, allergy, seborea. Baths le sebabole ka imolla bohloko ba ho rheumatism le gout. Bakeng sa molemo absorption ka 'mele ho bopa metsi qhibilihang ka har'a sulfa lithethefatsi. Sena ha se e phofo mosehla, ho lefa molato bonaletsang tšoeu ntho. Bakeng sa dikopo ntle komponeng ena e tsamaisoa ka setlolo sa tlhokomelo ea letlalo.

Gypsum o nako e telele e le sebelisitsoe ka immobilization tsa likarolo tse lemetseng ea 'mele. letsoai Glauber e e hlophisitsweng ka moriana laxative. Magnesia lowers khatello ea mali hore e sebediswa ea ho phekola sa kgatelelo ya madi.

Sebabole ka histori

Esita le ba boholo-holo nonmetallic ntho lipalesa bosehla lebisa tlhokomelo ea motho. Empa feela ka 1789, ho setsebi sa k'hemistri moholo Lavoisier fumane hore phofo le kristale a tlhaho, entsoe ka liathomo sebabole. Ho ne ho lumeloa hore malodor hlahang nakong combustion e lona, e leleka bobe bohle. Moralo oxide e sebabole, e fumanoa ka combustion e, - SO ₂ (silica). Sena se nang le chefo e khase inhalation ke ho le kotsi ho bophelo bo botle. Maemong a 'maloa ea boima pheliso ea metsaneng eohle ea batho ka mabopo e, ka mabalane bo-rasaense ba ho hlalosa kabo ya naha kapa metsi hydrogen sulphide kapa dioxide e sebabole.

Ho qaptjoa mechine ea gunpowder eketseha thahasello ea kristale le mosehla ke sesole. lintoa tse ngata li ne li hlōla ka lebaka la bokhoni ba beng ba ho kopana sebabole le lintho tse ling ka proizvodnje tsa liqhomane. The komponeng bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa - acid e sulfuric - ka boela ka ithuta mokhoa oa ho sebelisa nako e telele haholo. Mehleng e Bohareng, ho ke ke ntho e bitswang oli ea vitriol le letsoai - sulfate. Koporo sulfate e CuSO _{4 le} tšepe sulfate FeSO ₄ e ntse se lahlehileng ka bohlokoa ba tsona ho indasteri le temo.