Li-fungus: litšobotsi tse akaretsang le bohlokwa

Haholo boitsebiso bo qaqileng mabapi le lintho tse re thahasella fa tutorials sehloohong se reng "baeloji" (Kereiti ya 6). Kakaretso litšobotsi tsa li-fungus, Leha ho le joalo, - e le sehlooho bakeng sa libuka kaofela le lipampiri tsa saense. Sena ha se makatse - ho ithuta tsona e thahasellisang haholo.

Li-mushroom, e le tlhaloso e akaretsang ea eona e fanoa ka sehlooho sena, tikoloho le trophic indices - heterotrophic eukaryotes le feela osmotrofnym mofuta oa lijo. tlhaloso ena ka ho hlaka distinguishes ba ho tloha tse phelang tse ling ho sebaka lula biota ena. Kakaretso litšobotsi tsa li-fungus ba hore le osmotrofnym tsela matla ka lebaka la ho morphological, fisioloji le skeletal litšobotsi tsa.

Vegetative mele oa li-fungus

'Mele oa vegetative ea li-fungus tse ngata ke linaleli haholo se makala a (hyphae) le kgolo ya se nang moeli, e leng hammoho ba bitsoa mycelium kapa mycelium. Ka tloaelo ho, ea mycelium e ka ho feletseng qoelisoa ka substrate (mobu, dimela dinama tse nyenyane tse, bolokoe ba phoofolo, litlhaka kahare lijalo, 'me joalo-joalo.), And makgetheng joalo ya sebopeho lona lumella bakeng sa ntsa palo e kahodimodimo ho tloha ho tsohle limatlafatsi mmele sebelisa ekzoosmosa.

dintho manyolo ka substrates tsena ba haholo-holo ka sebopeho sa polymers phahameng limolek'hule boima (lihaha-'mele, polysaccharides, acid nucleic) hore u se ke ua feta ka likoahelo seleng. Ka lebaka leo, li-fungus, litšobotsi kakaretso ya eo re neng re na le thahasello ka substrate ea emit depolymerase enzyme ho khomarela oligo- le polymers tsa monomers e ka isoa ka lisele tsa tsona li. Ha tshilong ya dijo phoofolo enzyme li secreted ka intestine, ka nako eo li-mushroom ka ba ema ka ntle, 'me joale e ntan'o ba hyphae fungal e ka tšoantšoa le e ntse likahare ka everted.

ho ikatisa ea li-fungus

Feletseng qoelisoa ka substrate mycelium lekanyetsang ho hasa ba bona sebaka. Ka lebaka leo, litho tsa bona ho ikatisa a beha pele holim 'a substrate, kapa a phahamisa ka holimo ho ho hasa moeeng, kapa (haeba substrate ke ka metsing) ea mahareng ea metsi. li-fungus tse ngata (macromycetes) spore behang 'mele e le khōlō, ka ho hlaka bonahalang ho ka mahlo (bochaba holimo li-mushroom' me mobu shlyapochnye hore hōle ka kapa tinder sefate). li-fungus tse ling (mikromitcety) ke 'mele e nyenyane ea sporulation, sebopeho bona ka bonoa feela ka tlas'a microscope, empa ba theha e boima ntshetsopeleng ya mmala ka sebōpeho sa litlhaselo li-fungus ka substrates tse sa tšoaneng.

Tse peli tsa 'muso oa li-fungus

reconstructions Phylogenetic bontša hore ecomorphs "masheromo" hase homogeneous monophyletic sehlopha, 'me e arotsoe tse peli phyla (' muso). Molemo ka ho fetisisa karolo, e bitsoang "li-fungus 'nete" (eumitsety) monophyly le ha e le hantle' muso li-fungus (li-fungus). Karolo e nyenyane, e bitsoang "gribopodobnymi phelang" (psevdomitsety) fihla hammoho le ba bang ba leoatle 'musong Stramenopila, tse hlophisitsoe ka likarohano tse peli - Oomycota (oomycetes) le Labyrinthulomycota (letlooeng slime hlobo). Ka lebaka la karohano ena lea haha litšobotsi kakaretso ea li-fungus. Amanita, joalokaha u bona - ena ke karolo feela ea kaofela fapafapana bona.

metabolites mathomo le se mahareng

metabolites All conventionally arotswe mathomo le se mahareng. metabolites mathomo hlokahala bakeng sa khōlo ea 'mele,' me irreplaceable. Sena nucleic acid, liprotheine, lik'habohaedreite, coenzymes, lipids, jj Ho bana ba haha organelles lisele -. Khubu, mitochondria, ribosomes, leboteng seleng e le lera dibopeho tse li-mushroom. Kakaretso litšobotsi tse sa metabolite ka sehloohong ke hore lisele tsa bona mafura a sebelisoang e le mohloli oa lijo le matla. metabolites mahareng ba bohlokwa ho tlwaetsa ho maemo a ea bophelo. Ba ka etsahala mefuta e meng le le sieo ka ba bang. Ho fapana le sa mathomo, metabolites mahareng - hangata tlaase boima metsoako ea limolek'hule.

liprotheine

liprotheine mehaho e le karolo ea leboteng ka seleng, cytoskeletal likarolo dibopeho lera, chromosomes hahoa - microtubules le microfilaments. liprotheine potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale fana dithulaganyo tsohle intracellular le sebelisana le tikoloho.

lik'habohaedreite

Mehaho polymeric lik'habohaedreite - motheong oa leboteng ka seleng, eo ke li-fungus. Kakaretso litšobotsi tsa lik'habohaedreite ya ka dipehelo tsa lik'hemik'hale e etsang hore ho ka khoneha ho arola ba kenya lihlopha tse tharo: tsoekere le monosaccharides tse ling le lik'habohaedreite covalently amahanngoa le peptides (glycoproteins).

Tsoekere polymers - ke glucans, chitin le selulose. Glucans ke guttate kapa se makala a liketane tsa limolek'hule tsoekere. Ba etsa lera le ka ntle la leboteng li-cell ea li-fungus tse ngata. Ka limolek'hule tsa litlhaka kahare chitin tsoekere ba ikopanya le lihlopha tsa amino (aminated) boo, le eena, a ba khomaretse litlhaka kahare acid e acetic (acetylated). Limolek'hule "rokoa" hammoho se makala a limolek'hule polysaccharides tse ling etsa hore masapo tiileng ea leboteng ka seleng. Selulose fumanoa tsohle Oomycetes hlahloba seo e ka bang 10% ea boima seleng ea leboteng. Long ne a lumela hore ho ke ke ha li-fungus 'nete, empa hona joale bontša ho ba teng ha sona ka lerako la bang Ascomycetes (genus Ophiostoma).

Polymers monosaccharides tse ling (mannose, galactose, 'me batho ba bang.), Bitsoa ka limela e phahameng hemicellulose, ho na le ke ke lihlopha tsohle tsa li-fungus. Haholo-holo e ngata polymers tsa mannose - mannans - ka mabota a ka cell la tomoso. Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, e kang mohaho fana megagametophyte mabota molemo ho feta glucan.

Qetellong, motho o bath kakaretso ea li-fungus di ka eketswa ke 'nete ea hore le ka seleng mabota bona, hammoho le ka dimela e na polysaccharides ngata amahanngoa le limolek'hule tsa protheine -. Peptidoglycan mannanoproteiny jj Ba theha e konokono lera ea leboteng multilayer sele le phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho hlokomela seleng ea mehaho botšepehi, 'me e le phapanyetsano lona le dithulaganyo tikoloho.

lik'habohaedreite a qenehela

pampiri ena o fana ka toka qaqileng litšobotsi tse akaretsang tsa li-fungus. 6 sehlopheng sekolong - nako ha re qala ka ho feletseng ka tloaelana le phelang tsena ka tlelaseng ea baeloji. Re fana ka maikutlo a ho tebisa tsebo ea bona le ho e hlahloba ba ka hloko. Hona joale re hlalosa Phetolo ya k'habohaedreite.

Ka li-fungus ha le a fumanwa ka sehloohong pokello polysaccharide tlholeho ka dimela e phahameng le dimelametsing tse ngata - starch. Tsoekere e bolokoa eumitsetov glucan e haufi le starch phoofolo glycogen. Ho phaella ho glucans tloha li-mushroom ba le lik'habohaedreite tse ling a qenehela, 'me ba bang ba ikhethang oa ho' muso oa li-fungus. Sena ke haholo-holo disaccharide maltooligosyl. Bakeng sa nako e telele maltooligosyl fumanoa feela ka li-fungus, ke hobane'ng ha a ile a fuoa lebitso la ea bobeli - mycosis. Hona joale e fumanoa dimela ba bang ba e phahameng ka motsoako tse sa reng letho. Maltooligosyl phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka tlwaetsa lisele fungal ho hatisa le molao oa tsamaiso ea dithulaganyo osmotic. Lisele fungal le tsona di leng tsoekere alcohols - mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol le ba bang.

lipids

Lipids (glycerol esters ea acid monocarboxylic nang le unbranched aliphatic ketane) ke lihlahisoa tsa bohlokoa a qenehela, ba ile ba ba beha ka seleng ka mokgwa wa marotholi mafura. Bakeng sa li-fungus tšoauoa ka e dikahare tse phahameng tsa polyunsaturated (le litlamo tse seng kae habeli ka ketane aliphatic) mafura acid tse kang linolenic - tse tharo, 'me arachidonic - mane habeli litlamo. Foromo phospholipid (amahanngoa Ester kamano e haufi le asiti e phosphoric), lipids ke metsoako e meholo ea lera la seleng. A karolo ea e kholo ka ho bōptjoa ha dibopeho tsa lipids lera le sterols play, fana ka lera matla. Ho fapana le liphoofolo k'holeseterole le 27 k'habone liathomo tsa molek'hule (C-27) le phytosterols (C-29) dimela, ka sehloohong fungal sterol - ergosterol (C-28).

metabolites mahareng: ka mebala

Li-mushroom ba tingoa ka mebala photosynthetic, empa ho hlahisa palo e khōlō ea metsoako, colouring mycelium makala propagative kapa substrate. Ho ea ka lintho tsa tlhaho lik'hemik'hale ea ka mebala fetisisa amana terpenoid (carotenoids) kapa ho metsoako nkhang hamonate. Ba phetha mefuta e fapaneng ya mesebetsi. Kahoo, lamunu carotene derivatives susumelletsa phallo ea ho kopanela liphate Mucorales; lefifi tala le ba batsho ka mebala phenol Aspergillus beha feela Sporiferous sethusathuto eo, ho fapana le ea substrate mycelium, e thehoa moeeng, 'me ka liqabang tsa sireletsa khanya mahlaseli; lefifi 'mala melanin e beha ka mabota seleng ea ka, ho eketsa matla a bona.

Chefo le lithibela-mafu

li-fungus tse ngata li hlahisa lintho tse nang le chefo e ho tse phelang tse ling hore ba 'nile ba hlokomela ha hlophiswa litšobotsi tse akaretsang tsa li-fungus (6th sehlopheng buka e baletsweng kapa pukwanana tsa sekolo se phahameng). Dintho tse nang le chefo e ho microorganisms, e bitsoang lithibela-mafu tse nang le chefo e ho dimela - phytotoxins nang le chefo e ho batho le liphoofolo - mycotoxins. Ba bang ba metabolites ea li-fungus, ho ba nang le chefo e ho lihlopha fapaneng tsa lintho tse phelang (limela le microorganisms, limela le liphoofolo), ba le ketso e rarahaneng. Lithibela-mafu li tsa maiketsetso ke li-fungus tse ngata ahileng mobu, eo e tlameha ho phehisana bakeng sa limatlafatsi substrates le microorganisms tse ling. lik'hemik'hale bona sebopeho le Mokhoa oa ketso tse sa tšoaneng. Kahoo, lithibela-mafu-penicillins le cephalosporins thibela metsoako seleng ea leboteng tswakana ka libaktheria, trichothecenes - protheine tswakana ka phelang eukaryotic, griseofulvin - mitosis.

Phytotoxins le mitotoksiny

Phytotoxins abelwa li-fungus ka nang le tšoaetso dimela dinama tse nyenyane tse, a etsa hore lefu la lisele tse dimela, e leng ka nako e le bonolo liphofu parasite ho. Chefo thibela metsoako dithulaganyo enzymatic liseleng dimela tshwaetso (mohlala, fungus Alternaria tentoksin thibela photosynthetic phosphorylation) rua matla lera e le hantle le tšusumetso ka ho tsamaisa ya dintho ka lera, e leng transmembrane Ion phetiso (acid e fusaric, fusicoccin et al a.).

Mycotoxins ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli - sa chefo ea nyenyane li-fungus (mikromitcetov) le fungal chefo macromycetes le kgolo mele fruiting. Pele ke haholo-holo kotsi li-fungus tse tšoaetsa dimela dihlahiswa tse sebelisoang ka lijo. Ka mohlala, ka sclerotia ergot alkaloids ipokellela (heterocycles nang naetrojene), eo neuro-shoeleng litho chefo. Ha ba heletsa nakong baka, ka ho tšoanang bohobe apehoa ho tloha phofo le tabanya tsa sclerotia sithabetseng, ke kotsi ka ho fetisisa. e sebelisa ka etsa hore chefo haholo, 'me hangata ka liphello tse bolaeang. lijo-thollo tse ling tse parasite - pathogen Fusarium hlooho blight. Ke masheromo tsa Fusarium, eo allocates lijo-thollo terpenoid chefo hape bakela chefo haholo (bohobe apehoa ho tloha phofo silafalitsoe ke Fusarium, ratoang bitsoa "tahiloe bohobe", ha e ntse e etsa hore ho tsekela, ho hlatsa le matšoao a tse ling tse tšoanang le chefo e matla ho noa joala).

lijo-mushroom

Hona joale, e ngata boitsebiso bo mabapi le lijo tsa bona e ile ea saense le baeloji. Kakaretso litšobotsi tsa li-fungus, ho tloha ntlha ena ea pono e tjena. Matla a li-fungus tse ngata ka lebaka la semela, kahoo ba na le potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale le mafolo-folo e senya mehaho le katileng maemo a polysaccharides ka dimela phelang le dimela maloanlahla. pectinases joalo timetsa acid e polygalacturonic (pectin) ka tlaase ea limolek'hule boima oligogalakturonidy, xylanase, cellobiase le selulose tlotlollang selulose le hemicellulose - ka sehloohong k'habohaedreite karolo ea marako a dimela seleng, amylase bola starch, joalo-joalo Ntlha ea bobeli, ka mor'a hore selulose ke boima ba 'mele ea likarolo ea lisele dimela -. Lignin, emetseng a mararo tlhakore polymer masale nkhang hamonate. Haholo-holo e ngata ka lisele tsa tsona li Woody. Lignin - the manganga fetisisa vegetative polymer le feela li-mushroom (haholo-holo drevorazrushayuschih Polypore) na lignazy hlephileng ea enzyme eona. Li-mushroom likokoana-hloko tšoaetsa likoahelo batho le liphoofolo (letlalo, moriri, masiba a), secrete enzyme hore heletsa protheine keratin, e leng di hahoa.

Boholo ba enzyme tsena bakeng sa ho pholosa eneji, le ba tsa maiketsetso ke lisele tse sa kamehla empa feela ka ho ba teng ha ntho e ka tikoloho (mohlala, haeba ha ho na pectin ka tikoloho, ho pectinase e sa tsa maiketsetso). Ha ba constitutive, ka ho ya substrate induction. Ho feta moo, ha ba ha thehoa haeba mahareng ke motsoako oa metsoako phepo le molemo ka ho eketsehileng metabolism eneji, le (catabolites). Ka mohlala, bofelong sehlahisoa la timetso ea polysaccharides fetisisa - tsoekere ea phaellana, Leha ho le joalo tikolohong e eo ho phaella na le pectin kapa selulose, tsoekere, cellulase le pectinase ha hlahisoa. A hlola a e-ba molemo ho hlahisa e hlophisitsweng, lik'hemik'hale tse rarahaneng ho hlahisa tsoekere, haeba e se e le teng ka ho hōla mahareng. molao oa tsamaiso joalo e bitsoa catabolite khatello.

agamobium

Ho tsoela pele ho bula sehlooho sa kang "litšobotsi tse Kakaretso wa li-fungus", ka bokhutšoanyane hlalosa lintho tse hlahang boikatiso. Diplobiont tsa lintho tse phelang tsena e ka ba tsa cellular le immobile hlobo. Zoospores bopa le palo e fokolang ea li-fungus, tsa metsing le tsa lefatše, eo liphatsa tsa lefutso bonoa ka ho hlaka ka lebaka la ho boloka metsi. flagella sebopeho le ho zoospores Oomycetes gifihitrievyh tšoanang le hore o ile a hlalosa ho ochrophyta, ha Chytridiomycota tla tšohloa tlhaloso ea sehlopha sena. mefuta e ngata ea hlobo ea li-fungus reproduces moviestills, e leng se bontšang hore ba ba haholo nako e telele-nako ho kena naheng eo. Hlobo e ka thehoa endogenously ka sporangia (sporangiospory) kapa exogenously (conidia). hlobo e se nang sesosa ba lokolloa feela ka mor'a ho timetsoa ha sporangium sa, seo hangata se le hlaha ha metsi. palo e khōlō (likete-kete) oa hlobo, empa mefuta e meng theha sporangium nyenyane (sporangioli) tseo e mpa e le hlobo tse seng kae (ka linako tse ling e 'ngoe) e hangata thehoa sporangia ena. Tabeng ea ho qetela ea sporangioli khetla le hlobo ka coalesce, 'me joale e ntan'o ba phehisano e se nang sesosa mesebetsi e exogenous. Sena se bontša ka ketsahalo e ka sehloohong ea hlobo e se nang sesosa, eo e ne e le precursors ea exogenous.

syngenesis

Mofuta o tloaelehileng haholo oa thulaganyou e ho kopanela liphate, le e bonolo ka ho fetisisa - ka logan ea diretswe go dira gametes tse peli ha ba le farologantswng la ka lisele vegetative, e bitsoang somatogamiya. mofuta ona wa thulaganyou e ke tloaelehileng bakeng sa tomoso thobalano askomitsetnyh, Basidiomycetes le li-fungus tse ling tse ngata. Ka linako tse ling ho nka esita le ka ntle ho seleng ea logan, e bonolo logan ea nuclei ka hare ho lisele. A rarahaneng ho feta e etelloa pele ke balekane thobalano ho itšehla thajana likarolo mycelium (gametangia) leng ka nako eo kopane. Joalo tshebetso ho kopanela liphate, gametangiogamiya, tloaelehileng bakeng sa zigo- tse ngata le Ascomycetes. Qetellong, ka li-fungus fumana le e tloaelehileng e meng eukaryotic phelang gametogamiya, ke hore, tshwaragano khetheha diretswe go dira gametes.

Classic i- le heterogamy bath ya dimelametsing, fumanoa feela ka li-fungus e ka tlaase - Chytridiomycota. Classic oogamy li-fungus bao e seng ntseng di le teng. Esita oomycetes, kahoo bitsoa ka lebaka la ho oogamy bona le ha ba le e motona diretswe go dira gametes (peō ea botona kapa spermatsiev) le lehe ka oogonia amohuoa ipatlele leboteng sele le e mong ea bitsoang oosferami. Ka mefuta e itseng ea marsupials li-mushroom na oogonium (empa a se na ho diretswe go dira gametes motšehali ke mahe, ke hore, e emetseng gametangium), empa ho na le ho na antheridium, e le hore peō e hlaha autonomic gifoy. Ba bang askomitsegov le bazidiomitsetnyh mafome li-fungus ke e motona diretswe go dira gametes - spermatsii, empa ha ho na diretswe go dira gametes e motšehali, le ka linako tse ling gametangia (spermatogamiya). Ka mefuta e meng spermatsii ke mosebetsi o kopanetsoe - the diretswe go dira gametes motona le hlobo diplobiont (conidia).

bofello

Kakaretso litšobotsi tsa li-fungus: ho ja le ho hema, Spore ho ikatisa - kaofela ha thahasello e khōlō ho batho ba ratang lintho tsa tlhaho. Ho tse phelang buka e ikhethang tse ha dimela kapa liphoofolo. A qalang ka buka e reng "General litšobotsi tsa li-fungus" (Kereiti ya 7), u tla fumana hore ba etsa 'muso arohaneng. mebuso e meng - ke liphoofolo, limela, likokoana-hloko 'me libaktheria li. Sehlooho sa "litšobotsi tse Kakaretso wa li-fungus le boleng" ngotsoeng libuka le sehloohong sena - ke feela tlhahisoleseding tsa motheo ka tsona. Ho tsona li ne li ngotsoe libuka kaofela, kahoo ba kopanela ho ithuta bona ka nako e telele haholo. E mong oa litaba tse thahasellisang ka ho fetisisa ka rōna maikutlo a, e leng litšobotsi tse akaretsang tsa li-fungus. Hlobo - e mong oa boholo-holo ka ho fetisisa mefuta e le lefatseng la tsa lintho tse phelang. O ile a hlaha ka ba limilione tse 200. Lilemong tse fetileng le ho atleha lefatšeng le ea kajeno. Open karolong ea ka buka e baletsweng efe kapa efe sekolong " 'Muso oa li-fungus. Litšobotsi tse General" (Kereiti ya 6),' me u tla fumana boitsebiso bo eketsehileng ka taba ena.