Ion lekhoakhoa kristale

-Butle teng ka bonaletsang le amorphous le ka go tlhaolega ho ba le mohaho o bonaletsang. Ho fapana sebakeng nepahetseng ya likaroloana ka lintlha toba hlalosoa, tšoauoa ka boipheto nako le nako ka volumetric, sebaka tse tharo-tlhakore. Ha likelello tsa ho hokahanya lintlha tsena le otlolohileng - fumana le foreimi e le sebaka, tse e bitsoa lekhoakhoa kristale. Poleloana e reng "bonaletsang lekhoakhoa" e bolela mohlala thutatekanyo e hlalosang e periodicity mahlakore a mararo ka tsamaisa limolek'hule (liathomo, ions) sebakeng seo kristale.

likaroloana bitsoa sebaka lintlha tsa nodes lekhoakhoa. Ka hare foreime ya di hara-noute puisano. Mofuta le mofuta wa likaroloana le puisano e therebetween: limolek'hule, liathomo, ions - qeto ea hore na le mofuta oa kristale lekhoakhoa. Ka palo yohle ho na le tse 'nè tsa mefuta ena: ionic, athomo, limolek'hule le tšepe.

Ha lintlha tsa lekhoakhoa lokisetsa ions (likaroloana le qoso e mpe kapa positive,), sena Ion kristale lekhoakhoa, tšoauoa ka dikgokelo tsa lebitso tšoanang.

maqhama ana a matla haholo le ea tsitsitseng. Kahoo, mahlahana a le mofuta ona wa sebopeho ba le thatafala lekaneng phahameng le segokanyipalo sa, bao e seng ho hloka botsitso le ho refractory. Ha thempereichara e tlaase, ba itšoare joaloka insulators. Leha ho le joalo, holim 'a qhibiliha tsa metsoako joalo robehile geometrically nepahetse Ion kristale lekhoakhoa (ions sebakeng) le fokotswa matla mabapi.

Ka mocheso le haufi le ho qhibiliha mocheso oa kristale ka litlamo ionic ba se a ntse a khona ho etsa motlakase hona joale. metsoako tse joalo habonolo qhibilihang ka har'a metsing le tse ling tse sephalli, tse entsoeng ka limolek'hule Polar.

Ion kristale lekhoakhoa bath ya dintho tsohle ka litlamo tsa ionic - matsoai, hydroxides tšepe, tšepe binary metsoako le nonmetals. Ionic tlamo e ha a na directivity ka sebaka hobane e mong le e Ion le amahanngoa le ions maloa khaontareng, matla a sebelisana itšetlehile ka sebaka se pakeng tsa bona (molao Coulomb e). Ion amanang metsoako na sebopeho bao e seng ea limolek'hule, ba-butle le lattices ionic, haholo Polar, phahameng qhibiliha le lintlha tse e belang e, ka tharollo ea metsi, e pellet conductive. Metsoako ka litlamo tsa ionic foromo lona bo hloekileng e hoo e ka bang ke ke fumanoa.

Ion kristale lekhoakhoa bath ya oxides bang tloaelehileng le hydroxides tsa tšepe, matsoai, i.e., Dintho ka ionic lik'hemik'hale tlamo e.

Ho phaella tabeng ea ho na le ionic tlamo e, metallic, limolek'hule le covalent litlamo ka kristale ka.

Kristale ho ba le covalent tlamo e, ke semiconductors kapa insulators. mehlala tloaelehileng tsa kristale athomo li daemane, silicon e le germanium.

Diamond - le matsoai dikhubu allotropic phetolo (foromo) tsa carbon. The kristale lekhoakhoa la taemane - nyutlelie, e rarahaneng haholo. The nodes ya jwalo liathomo le lekhoakhoa di ya kokangana ke maqhama a matla ka ho fetisisa covalent. Diamond e entsoe ka liathomo tse arohaneng k'habone teng 'ngoe e bohareng ba tetraheterone ka, eo divertise ke a mane haufi athomo. Joalo lekhoakhoa le e tšoauoa ka ho fcc unit trust seleng, ho fellang ka thatafala palo e kahodimodimo ea taemane le ntlha e batlang e phahameng qhibiliha. Ka taemane lekhoakhoa ho na le ha ho na limolek'hule tsa - le kristale ea ka ho nkuwa jwalo ka molek'hule e 'ngoe botle bo.

Ho phaella moo, ho athomo kristale lekhoakhoa bath ya ka silicon, boron tiileng, germanium le metsoako ea likarolo motho ka silicon e na le carbon (silica, quartz, Mica, noka lehlabathe, ka silicon carbide). Ka kakaretso, baemeli ba-butle bonaletsang le lekhoakhoa athomo li batlang e le tse seng kae.