, Histori litšobotsi le lintlha tse thahasellisang: United States ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše

Le qetellong ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, United States e par, le Soviet Union e ne e le e mong oa ba babeli ba baeta lefatshe. States o ile a thusa phahamisa Europe tsoa lithako, re iponetse seo ka mahlo e boom boom a moruo le babapatsi. Naha o ile a qala mokhoa oa ho felisa segregation le khethollo ea morabe. Ka nako e tšoanang sechabeng American reteleha-ba khahlanong le a makomonisi a mashano a phutuho ea batšehetsi Senator McCarthy. Leha ho le joalo, ho sa tsotellehe tsohle liteko ka hare le ka ntle, naha e khona ho boloka le ho kopanya boemo lona jwalo democracies e kgolo ya lefatše Bophirimela.

superpower ntjha

Ha ka 1939 Europe ba ile ba qala ka ntoa tšollang mali, 'muso oa US lekile ho lula hōle le kgohlano khōlō. Leha ho le joalo, ka nako e telele le khohlano, e ka tlase e ntse e ka khona ho lula re sa leano la ho itsehla thajana. Qetellong, ka 1941, ho na le e ne e le tlhaselo ka Pearl Harbor. Bolotsana Japanese tlhaselo susumelletsa Washington ho ho boela se tshohla merero ea oona. Kahoo pele ho hlalosa karolo e phethoang ke United States ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše. setjhabeng American e kopane "ntoa ea bolumeli" XX lekholong la lilemo la, morero oa seo ka sona e ne e le ho hlōla Manazi le entseng selekane le bona.

Puso ea Bonazi e ile a hlōla, ba siea Europe e le lithako. Ka sehloohong moruo le lipolotiki emeloang ke World Khale (haholo-holo UK le France) ho sona sa sisinyeha. United States ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše a hapa le tsoane lolea. Ke matšoao tsohle batlang length of ile a utloa bohloko ho tswa ho masetla-pelo a lilemo tse e fetileng, naha e fetohe deservedly nkoa e superpower.

"Plan Marshall"

Ka 1948 o ile a qala ho etsa lintho e sisintsweng ke Mongodi US ya State Marshall "European Program Recovery" George, eo hape a bitsoang ka "Marshall Plan." Morero oa eona e ne e le thuso ya moruo ripitliloeng Europe. Ka lenaneo lena la United States ka mor'a ho Second Ntoa ea Lefatše, e seng feela ho tšehetsa entseng selekane le bona, empa hape secured boemo lona overriding lefatšeng Bophirimela.

The chelete bakeng sa poloko ya indasteri le tsa dibopeho tsa motheo tse ling tsa bohlokoa abetsweng dinaheng 17. The Maamerika a filwe thuso ea bona ho dinaheng mososhaliste tsa Europe Bochabela, Leha ho le joalo, le tlas'a khatello e tsoang Soviet Union, ba ne ba hana ho ba le seabo lenaneong. Hore ho khetheha chelete e bontšitsoeng ho Jeremane Bophirimela. chelete Amerika a tla ho naha ena hammoho le pokello e tšoanang le ea reparations bakeng sa litlōlo tsa molao nakong e fetileng ea puso ea Manazi.

Khōlo ea likhanyetsano le USSR

Soviet Union le "Plan Marshall" amoheleheng, a lumela hore ka eena United States ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše o beha hatella Soviet Union. pono ena e ne e atile ka Bophirimela. Ho o latelwang ho akarelletsa le pele e neng e Motlatsi Mopresidente US Genri Uolles, a nyatsa lenaneo la thuso ho Europe.

Selemo le selemo, le khohlano ho hōla pakeng tsa USSR le United States-ba le ho feta a hlobaetsang. Matla, a eme ka lehlakoreng le tšoanang ho loantša tšokelo ea Bonazi, 'me hona joale ba qala ho qabana pepenene. Amme ikhanyetsa pakeng tsa makomonisi a le likhopolo tsa demokerasi. Europe Bophirimela le United States ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše entse selekane sesole, NATO, le Europe Bochabela le Soviet Union - the Warsaw Pact.

mathata a ka hare

Ntshetsopeleng hare tsa US ka mor'a hore ntoa ea bobeli ea Lefatše e ne e tsamaea le phehisano. Ntoa e khahlanong le Manazi bobe ka lilemo tse 'maloa setjhabeng kopaneng le etsa hore a lebala ka mathata a bona. Leha ho le joalo, hoo e ka bang hang ka mor'a hore ho be le tlhōlo ea mathata ana ba boletse maphelong a bona hape. Le sebaka sa pele, ba ile ba kena ka mabapi le manyenyane merabe.

Social leano la USA ka mor'a hore ntoa ea bobeli ea World fetohile tsela ea khale ea bophelo ba Maindia. Ka 1949, 'muso o tlohela molao fetileng ka ho itaola. Tebetse lekhonono. Potlakisa assimilation le kopanelo ea Matsoalloa a Amerika. Hangata, Maindia ba ile ba fallela metseng e meholo le tlas'a khatello. Ba bangata ba bona ba ne ba sa batle ho tlohela tsela ea bophelo ea baholo-holo, empa ba ne ba lokela ho sekisetsa melao-motheo ea bona ka lebaka la dinaheng hōle fapaneng.

loantšeng segregation

Sehlekehleke ea lula e le bothata ba ho likamano tsa bobeli tsa boholo tšoeu le ba batsho khethollang. Segregation phehella. Ka 1948 e ile ea felisoa ka Air Force. Ka Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, Maamerika a mangata a Afrika o ile a sebeletsa ka lifofane le ba tummeng thabela tlholo hlollang. Joale ba ne ba ka fuoa boikarabelo ba ho Motherland le ka maemo a joalo le ka e tšoeu.

1954 fuoa US tlhōlo 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ea sechaba. Ka lebaka la ho nako e telele-ho ritela ho etsa qeto ea histori Phahameng la US ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše o ne a tsebahala ka ho bo felisoe ba thuto arohaneng likolong ke peiso. Ebe Congress ka molao o ile a tiisa ho boemo ba batho ba batsho tsa baahi. US butle-butle a qalisa tseleng e isang ho lahloa kherehloa ho feletseng segregation le khethollo. Tšebetso ena e ile ea phethoa ka 1960.

moruo

Potlakisa ntshetsopele ya moruo ya United States ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše ile ea etsa hore e boom boom seng mohla e kileng ea moruo, e leng ka linako tse ling e bitsoang "khauta le lilemo li bokhaphithaliste". Ho ile bakoa ke lintho tse 'maloa, tse kang maqakabetsi Europe. Nako 1945-1952 GG. Hape nkoa Keynes mehla (Dzhon Keyns - ea ka mongoli oa khopolo tsebahalang a moruo, ho ea ka tseo melao ea United States o ne a lula lilemo tseo).

Ka boiteko bo etsoang ke States ba tsamaiso Bretton Woods ho ile ha thehoa. diinstitusene tsa lona ho bebofatsa khoebo ea machaba 'me lumelloa ho phetha e le "Plan Marshall" (ho na le e ne e le Banka ea Lefatše, International Chelete Fund joalo joalo. D.). The boom boom a moruo United States se ile sa etsa ho ngoana boom boom - e phatloha baahi, le ka lebaka la se ileng sa hōla ka potlako le baahi ba naha yohle.

Ho qaleha ha Ntoa ea Mantsoe

Ka 1946, ha a le ka ketelo poraefete ho United States, se e pele e neng e Tona-khōlō British Winston Churchill a fana ka puo ea hae e tummeng eo a ileng a bitsoa Soviet Union le ditshoso bokomonisi ho lefatše Bophirimela. Kajeno bo-rahistori ba lumela ketsahalo ena ke ho qaleha ha Ntoa ea Mantsoe. Ka US, ha mopresidente e ne e Garri Trumen. O, joaloka Churchill, o ne a lumela hore Soviet Union e tlameha ho khomarela ka thata-line boitšoaro. Nakong ea mopresidente ea hae (1946-1953) a qetella a secured ho arola lefatše pakeng tsa tsamaiso ea 'meli e hanyetsanang lipolotiki.

Truman e neng e le mongoli oa "Truman thuto ea", ho ea ka tseo, la Ntoa ea Mantsoe e ne e le ntoa pakeng tsa demokerasi American le Soviet tsamaiso ea bohatelli. Pele lesapo 'nete ea ho hloka kutloano ho baeta tse peli e ne e le Jeremane. Ho ea ka qeto ea US, West Berlin e ile akarelletsa "Plan Marshall." Soviet Union e ka lebaka la sena, motse o ile a se thibela likepe. bothata e ile ea nka ho fihlela ka 1949. Ka lebaka la hore e ka Bochabela ea Jeremane GDR e ileng ba bōptjoa.

Ebe o ile a qala ho potoloha o mocha oa peiso libetsa. Ka mor'a hore bombings tsa Hiroshima le Nagasaki ne ho se na boiteko ba ho feta ho sebelisa ka lintoa tsa warheads tsa nyutlelie - ba khaotsa ka mor'a ea pele. Bobeli World Ntoa, US e ne e ho lekaneng ho e hlokomela lethality ea limisaele tse ncha. Leha ho le joalo, moloko oa matsoho a se a ntse a qalile. Ka 1949 Soviet Union e ile ea lekoa bomo ea nyutlelie, 'me hamorao - hydrogen. Maamerika a ba lahlehileng le fehlweng ea libetsa.

McCarthyism

Le ho senyeha tsa likamano tsa Soviet Union le United States thakholoa letšolo mashano ho haha setšoantšo se secha sa sera. "Red tšosa" e ile ea fetoha lenanetabeng e bakeng sa batho ba limilione ea Maamerika a. Ka ho fetisisa ea chesehang-ba khahlanong le Bokomonisi, e ne e le Senator Dzhozef Makkarti. O ile a qosa-ralipolotiki ba bangata ba boemong bo phahameng 'me ba phahameng sechabeng le kutloelo-bohloko ho Soviet Union. Paranoid ipolela ha McCarthy ile ka potlako lata ke mecha ea phatlalatso.

United States mora e Second Ntoa ea Lefatše, ka mantsoe a mang, ba nang le phihlelo-ba khahlanong le a makomonisi a hysteria, moo bahlaseluoa ne e le banna, hōle haholo le letšehali-lepheo. McCarthyites mathata tsohle tsa sechaba American molato mahlabaphio. litlhaselo tsa bona ke batšehetsi ba mekgatlo ya basebetsi le khoebo le lipuisano le bloc mososhaliste. Truman le hoja e ne e le mohlahlobisisi, o ea Soviet Union, empa fapane le maikutlo a McCarthy e eketsehileng seatla se bulehileng. The Senate mahlabisa-lihlong a atamela Republican Dwight Eisenhower ka 1952 hlōla likhetho mopresidente hlahlamang.

McCarthyists mahlatsipa a qala-rasaense ba bangata le baetsi ba litšoantšo: moqapi Leonard Bernstein, fisiks David Boehm, actor Lee Grant, joalo-joalo bakeng sa ho lihloela mosali ba ile ba bolaoa makomonisi Julius le Ethel Rosenberg ... A letšolo la phatlalatsoa ho fumana lira tsa ka hare, Leha ho le joalo, haufinyane o ile a hlōleha. Qetellong ea 1954 McCarthy o ile a romeloa ho itokolla hlabisang lihlong.

Cuba lerumo maqakabetsi

France, Brithani, United States ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, hammoho le linaheng tse ling tsa Bophirimela ba entse sesole NATO. Hang linaha tsena a bontša tšehetso bakeng sa Korea Boroa ntoeng lona khahlanong le Makomonisi. Ea bobeli, le eena, o ile a thusa Soviet Union le Chaena. The Korean Ntoa e ile ea nka lilemo tse 1950-1953. E ne e le lekhetlo la pele le hlometseng le khohlano pakeng tsa tse peli le tlhōrō ea litsamaiso ea lefatše ea lipolotiki.

Ka 1959, phetohelo e ile ea etsahala boahelani United States, Cuba. Ho matla sehlekehlekeng e ile ea Makomonisi a eteletsoe pele ke Fidel Castro. Cuba o ile a sebelisa tšehetso ea moruo USSR. Ho feta moo, Soviet Union Sebetsa tsa nyutlelie o ile a isoa sehlekehlekeng seo. ponahalo ea lona e le haufi le United States se ile sa etsa hore maqakabetsi a Caribbean - sehlohlolo sa Ntoa ea Mantsoe, ha lefatše le ne le ka haufi le ho kena bombings e ncha tsa nyutlelie. Ka mor'a moo, ka 1962, Mopresidente US John F. Kennedy le Soviet Union le moeta-pele Nikita Khrushchev ile ka khona ho buisana le ba se ke ba mpefatsa boemo boo. Fereko e se e fetile. E o ile a qala leano la détente butle-butle.