Facultative anaerobes - ke eng see? Mehlala le tlhophiso

Baemeli ba Monera 'muso, hammoho le ba bang ba liboko parasitic le dimelametsing le li-fungus tse tšoauoa ka foromo e khethehileng ea ho kena moea oa metsoako manyolo etsahalang ho ba sieo ha oksijene limolek'hule kapa ea mahloriso tlaase. Lintho tse phelang ka tikoloho oksijene-mahala - e anaerobes. Facultative le tlama mefuta, hammoho le ka mehlala ea bophelo ba bona le tlhophiso e tla tšohloa ka ho re sehloohong sena.

Ke hobane'ng ha u lokela ho hema

Re bolela ka ho toba hore re tla bua ka seo ho thoeng ke ka hare, kapa lisele, respiration. mosebetsi lona se seholo ke ho hlahisa matla a lintho, haholo-holo tsoekere ea phaellana kena seleng. Ha dithulaganyo le ho kena moea nkang karolo oksijene - tse phelang li bitsoa aerobiki. Ha motho a fumana karolo e itseng ea matla ke substrate phosphorylation kantle ho inflow tsa O ₂ limolek'hule - tse phelang, anaerobes.

lentsoe lena le qapiloe ke Lui Pasterom ka 1861, qalong sebelisoa feela ho mefuta e itseng ea prokaryotes phetha butyric acid e belisoa. Ka maekoroboiloji morao-rao tlas'a lebitso lena phelang tsohle kopantswe, sebedisa acceptor ho qetela ha se ea oksijene le ea nitrates, hydrogen kapa metsoako manyolo. Matšoafo ketane aerobiki, facultative le tlama anaerobes, eo re neng re nahana ka tlase, dithulaganyo atlehe metabolism matla, eo ka eona le ho kena moea oa tsoekere, mafura le-amino acid ho CO _2, H ₂ O le NH _3. Hlokomela hape hore metabolism anaerobic sebetsang hantle ka tlase ho oksijene. Sena ke ka ntlha ya go ha e le hantle hore khōlo ka ho ba sieo ha oksijene hloka substrate ho feta, mohlala, tsoekere. Energy ka lebaka la ho petsoha liluloana oksijene-mahala di hape nyenyane. Ka mohlala, ha glycolysis - 2 moles e mong le ya ATP tloha tsoekere molek'hule, athe oksijene bokaholimo ba matsoele ya tsa maiketsetso limolek'hule 36 of adenosine diphosphate.

The tse fapa-fapaneng anaerobes

Ka tlhophiso ea kajeno e akarelletsa mefuta e fapaneng ea lintho tse, haholo-holo libaktheria. Mohlala, facultative anaerobes - mofuta single- kapa selotlolo nang le sele ea prokaryotes, dimela kapa li-fungus, tse catabolism ha a hloke O _2. Empa ho ba teng ha hae ka cytosol ea sele kapa tikoloho Link hase bakeng sa batho ka bomong le bolaeang. Mohlala, li akarelletsa libaktheria likokoana-hloko e motho: anginal streptococcus haemolytic staphylococcus. Ba facultative anaerobes, le mefuta e itseng ea libaktheria, bao mekhoa ea boipheliso le thuso ho batho. Kahoo, thermophilic Streptococcus khomarela lactose ho C ₃ H ₆ O _3, e sebelisoa ka ho hlahisa lebese lihlahisoa betse: tranelate, bolila lebese, chisi le bonolo. Ka moriana, ho ke ke bohlokoa haholo e ka tlhahiso ea probiotics sebediswa bakeng sa ho thibela letšollo le ho enterocolitis tsa etiology tse sa tšoaneng. Ho tsoela pele le tlhophiso ea anaerobes, hlokomela makroaerofilov phelang tikolohong e moo mahloriso tsa O ₂ ha e feta 0.5-1%.

Har'a bona, ba bangata ba batho pathogenic mefuta, tse kang streptococci, a etsa hore pharyngitis, 'me lefu le Lyme. mefuta e meng ea aerobes facultative phela ka pampitšana batho gastrointestinal, a etsa hore mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea gastritis le mala liso. The moemeli causative tsa mafu tse ka holimo e tsebahala Helicobacter. A palo e kholo ea makroaerofilov amanang anaerobes facultative, li hloka bakeng sa ho metabolism dikahare tsa bona tse phahameng tsa carbon dioxide. Tsena li bitsoa prokaryotes capnophile.

Matšoafo ketane facultative anaerobes

Re tsoela pele ho ithuta litšobotsi tsa sehlopha sena sa metabolism libaktheria. Tlas'a maemo a laboratori ea, re ile a fumana hore ba ka ikemisetsa ka tharollo ya dintho manyolo tse nang fapaneng boima lekana ea oksijene. anaerobes tsena tla ipokellela haufi le botlaaseng ba tube, le, moo ea mahloriso ya O ₂ e tlaase. Sena ke ka ntlha ya go ha e le hantle hore facultative anaerobes - ya libaktheria tseo tekanyetso e nyenyane ea oksijene ha ba na e le tse tebileng e le hantle e kotsi. Pejana ho moo re ile a bolela hore ba bang ba lihlopha ea libaktheria, ho etsa mohlala, denitrifying, ho acceptor ho qetela ke nitrate - naetrojene metsoako, ho kena moea oa nakong e fetileng.

Le ho hema ketane facultative anaerobes ka liphetoho catalytic amehang potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale nitrate reductase, eo e fana ka le elektrone lipalangoang tsa Ion NO ₃ ^-. libaktheria tsena ke prokaryotes tsa genera Micrococcus, Pseudomonas. Ba phela matangoana le mobung koloba. libaktheria tsena li sebelisa nitrate oksijene acid e letsoai e le elektrone acceptor, a phethang ho thoeng ke "nitrate respiration".

Karolo e phethoang ke potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale le tse catabolism ea libaktheria

The metabolism ea microorganisms bohlokoa mosebetsi ea tsamaiso catalytic e atlehe, cytochromes feela, catalase, flavin enzyme, peroxidase. Kahoo, flavoproteins bapala setho karolo ea tlohang substrate 'me limolek'hule le oksijene, e leng ka nako ba fokotswa ho peroxide hydrogen. Fuoa 'nete ea hore facultative anaerobes - ke microorganisms metabolism eo e hlaha ka bobeli ka pel'a O _{ea 2,} le tikoloho oksijene-free, tsena mefuta e' meli ea prokaryotes ka khetholloa. A re ke re tšohleng lipotso tseo ka ho qaqileng le ho feta.

Mefuta ea libaktheria facultative

Aerobes, anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, microaerophiles - lethathamo ka toka ka ho feletseng prokaryotes, matšoafo ketane eo e mokhoa o sa fellang kapa e itšetlehileng ka ho feletseng ka ho ba teng ha tharollo phepo ea limolek'hule oksijene. Mohlala, allerotolerantnye oxidizing libaktheria lactose, ho ntshetsa pele ka ho ba teng ha O ₂ empa ha e sebelisa ka ketane ho hema. Ba synthesize eneji, le ke liphetoho belisoa. Tse ling anaerobes boikhethelo, mohlala, lisele tse tomoso, ho itšetlehile ka lik'hemik'hale tsa substrate ba khona ho feta ho tloha tsamaiso e belisoa bakeng sa oksijene ho hema.

Cytochromes le ka bohlokoa ba tsona ka metabolism

Rarahaneng liprotheine - proteid kokotisaka heme (tšepe-e nang le prosthetic sehlopha) - e cytochromes. Ke ho kopanela respiration lisele ka libaktheria le tomoso, ba bafani bobeli le elektrone acceptors. Tšepe athomo prosthetic sehlopha reversibly fetola boemo lona ho kena moea tloha +2 ho +3. Sena se nolofalletsa ho tsamaisa dieleketerone tloha dehydrogenase cytochrome ho acetaldehyde kapa acid e pyruvic. aerobes Facultative, anaerobes le microaerophiles elektrone acceptors ka 'na ho fanoa ke limolek'hule tsa carbon dioxide, ions hydrogen,-amino acid.

E bolelang prokaryotes, anaerobes ka potoloho ea taba tsa tlhaho

Ho inconceivable lipotolohong organogenic likarolo tsa sehlooho, mohlala, naetrojene etsahalang ka biosphere lefatše, ntle le nka karolo ha microorganisms. Kaha facultative anaerobes - e haholo-holo denitrifying libaktheria, ba khona ho fokotsa qhibilihang ka har'a ka letsoai nitric acid e mobu kapa N ₂ O ho mahala naetrojene. Denitrification nka sebaka ho fetisisa ka mafolofolo mobu nang le palo e fetang ea metsi le nitrogenous moiteli. Ka lebaka la lik'hemik'hale ea bolokolohi naetrojene Limolek'hule hang hape a khutlela sepakapakeng ke koalang potoloho ea lengths lona linthong tsa tlhaho.

Probiotics le boleloang bona bakeng sa batho

Tsa mefuta e fetang 500 ea libaktheria e ahileng batho pampitšana gastrointestinal, e le oa bohlokoa e lula anaerobes facultative. Ho baemeli ba pele le ea ka sehloohong ea genera Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Candida. Palo e khōlō ea tsona e teng ka intestine kgolo. Ho libaktheria laola motility (motsamao oa matšoele lijo) le synthesize divithamini B le C. Ba ba boetse ba ameha ho ntshetsopele ya liprotheine sireletsang - immunoglobulin, 'me ba le eena, a fana ka bactericidal dikahare mala. lithuto tsa Medical li bontšitse hore dikahare tsa libaktheria tse mala batho decreases sharply mora mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka lebaka la ho dithulaganyo hlabang 'me ka mor'a phekolo lithibela-mafu.

Ho tsosolosa microflora ka pampitšana ea gastrointestinal sebelisa lithethefatsi - probiotics. Ba na le le thuso facultative anaerobes - bifidobacteria le lactobacilli. Hang ka mala batho, ba ile ba etsa bonnete ba tšebetso ea oona e tloaelehileng le ho fokotsa liphello tse mpe tsa ka holimo. Ka ho fetisisa e atisa ho sebelisoa probiotics proven ka gastroenterology - ka "Hilak Forte", "Linex", "Laktovit".