"East" - booster. The Lata pele "Vostok"

The Second World Ntoa, ho phaella ho seo e tlisa palo e khōlō ea bao e bang liphofu tse se nang palo le thipitlo bakileng ho phetohelo saense le indasteri le ho theknoloji. The poso-ntoa arola lefatše ba laela hore ba le baphadisani ka sehloohong - USSR le United States - ho ntshetsa pele theknoloji e ncha, ho hlahisa saense le tlhahiso. Se a ntse a 50-ogy la batho setse sebaka: la 4 October, 1957 pele rometsoe lifofa-sebakeng tse nang le lebitso la laconic "Sputnik 1" pota lefatše, thoholetsa e le qalo ea mehla e ncha. Lilemo tse 'nè hamorao, cosmonaut pele nehelanoe ka eena orbit lonthja koloi "Vostok": Yuri Gagarin ea e-ba mohlōli ea bokahohleng bo hlophisehileng le.

prehistory

Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, ho sa tsotellehe litabatabelo tsa batho ba limilione, lefatše e-s'o fele. E ile ea qala ho khohlano tsa West (eteletsoe pele ke United States) le Bochabela (Union) diyuniti - pele ho busa ba Europe 'me joale lefatšeng ka bophara. Ho eo mohloli ho thoeng ke "batang ntoa", ka nako efe kapa efe e ka fetoha sethaleng a chesang.

Le ho bōptjoa ha libetsa tsa nyutlelie e ne e le potso ka tsela lebelo ka ho fetisisa ea ho pepa holim'a sebaka se selelele. Soviet Union e le United States 'nile ba itšetleha ka tsoelo-pele ea limisaele tsa nyutlelie ba nang le bokhoni ba ka mor'a metsotso e seng mekae ho otla lireng eo e leng ka lehlakoreng le leng ea Lefatše. Leha ho le joalo, e tšoanang le ho lehlakoreng harbored merero rata maemo a ho ntshetsa pele haufi-Earth sebaka. Ka lebaka la ho Lata "Vostok" ileng ba bōptjoa, Gagarin Yuriy Alekseevich ea e-ba-sepakapakeng pele le Soviet Union ile a etella pele lerumo chitja.

Space Race

Ka bohareng ba bo-1950 e le ballistic lerumo "Atlas" o ne a bōpiloe ka United States le Soviet Union - P-7 (bokamoso "East"). Lata e ileng ba bōptjoa le ho hongata hoo ya matla le bokhoni e lumellang ho sebediswa eseng feela bakeng sa timetso e, empa le merero e hahang. Ho ke ho sephiri hore moqapi sehloohong Sergey Pavlovich Korolev oa lerumo lenaneo e bile e le motšehetsi oa mehopolo Tsiolkovsky le labalabela ho hlolang le sebaka se hlahlobang. Ka monyetla oa ho R-7 lumella u ho romela satellitari kapa esita le tsamaea le mothusi rometsoe lifofa-sebakeng theoha lefatšeng.

E ne e le ka lebaka la R-7 ballistic le "Atlas" ka lekhetlo la pele batho e bile ba khona ho hlōla matla a matla a khoheli. Ka nako e tšoanang e ruuoang metsu khonang ho lopolla ho shebiloeng 5-ton thepa ea mehloli e khōlō ea Ntlafatso, ho ena le ho US. Ena, ho kopantswe le lefelo libaka ea linaha tseo ka bobeli, ho khetholla litsela tse sa tšoaneng ho bopa pele tsamaea le mothusi rometsoe lifofa-sebakeng (GAC) "Mercury" le "East". Booster e Soviet Union ne lebitso tšoana le PKK.

History ea pōpo

ntshetsopeleng sekepe ea qala ka Edo S. P. Koroleva (eo hona joale RSC "Energia") ka ho ea hoetla ka 1958. Ho fumana nako e le United States "ho itseng le fete machato" Soviet Union tsamaea tseleng lekgutshwane. Ka ho ba sethaleng sa qapa oa potoloho nkoa likepe fapane dikai Bay lumella le naha sebakeng se fanoeng 'me hoo e ka bang fatše, ho ballistic - ka mokgwa wa boemong ka. Bopa Bay lerumo le phahameng bokgoni mojaro-jereng neng e amana le bophahamo ba modumo e khōlō ea ho etsa lipatlisiso, ho bapisoa le sebopeho chitja.

E ne e thehiloe neng e sa tsoa-e reretsoeng ho lopolla warheads nyutlelie, Intercontinental lerumo (Mr) P-7. Mora modernization lona le hlahile "East": ba Lata microcyteme le eponymous tsamaea le mothusi rometsoe lifofa-sebakeng. The peculiarity ya "Vostok" e ne e ka thoko tsamaiso ea lulisa ea leloko komiki le-sepakapakeng mora ejection hae. tsamaiso ena e reretsoe ho sebakeng seo boemo ba tšohanyetso ea sekepe ka mohato mafolofolo tsa sefofane. Sena se tiisa sa ho pholosa bophelo, ho sa tsotellehe moo lema ile atlehe - holim'a metsi le ka thata kapa metsi.

Tsela eo le entseng launcher ho

pele "Vostok" Lata merero ntlhobolisa e se e ntshetswa pele bakeng sa ho tlosoe sekepe-sathelaete ka orbit pota Lefatše ka MP R-7 motheo oa. sefofane lona liteko unmanned qala ho la 5 May, 1960, 'me se a ntse a 12 ka April 1961, ka lekhetlo la pele e neng e tšoaretsoe ka tsamaea le mothusi sebaka sefofane - moahi oa USSR Yu A. Gagarina..

tse tharo-sethaleng kaho sekemeng sebelisa maemong ohle oa mafura mokelikeli (parafine + mokelikeli oksijene) o ile a butswe. The mekhahlelo e 'meli ea pele bopilwe beha diboloko tse hlano: e mong o bohareng (palo e kahodimodimo bophara 2,95 limithara; bolelele 28,75 limithara) le lehlakoreng mane (bophara 2,68 limithara; bolelele 19,8 limithara). Molamu boraro ile amanang ho unit trust e bohareng. Hape mahlakoreng a mong le mohato o ne likamore tsamaisong ipetlela litsela. Ha hlooho ea PAC mounted (o bitswang - satellitari), koahetsoeng ka fairing ka. ho na le masakana lehlakoreng ba a hlomelloa le rudders mohatla.

Technical litšobotsi tsa microcyteme le "Vostok"

Lerumo ne e le bophara ba palo e kahodimodimo ea limithara tse 10,3 ka e-ba bolelele ba limithara tse 38,36. tsamaiso e khopo Qala boima fihla lithane tse 290. Hakanngoa boima ba payload ke hoo e ka bang ka makhetlo a mararo a phahame ho feta molekane American le lekana le boima ba lithane tse 4,73.

Traction boosters ka lephaka e:

• Central - 941 kn dostupnost;
• lehlakoreng - 1 MN;
• 3rd sethaleng - 54,5 kn dostupnost.

GAC moralo

Tsamaea le mothusi Lata "East" (Gagarin ka motsamaisi) le ne le ena sethusathuto le leloko la ka mokgwa wa Makala bophara le ka ntle la limithara tse 2,4 'me e le ho tebelwa mosebetsing sesebelisoa seo-seletsa lekareche. A mogote mokoallo barbotage Lander ne a ena le tsona ka botenya ba limilimithara tse 30 ho tse 180. The kampetsoeng na input, parachuting le qhotsoa theknoloji. The leloko sethusathuto ke tsamaiso ea phepelo matla, taolo mogote, taolo e, bophelo tšehetso le ho tlwaetsa hammoho le mofeng taolo, mokhoa oa ho puisano le telemetry DF, ka remoutu spaceman.

Ka aggregate lekareche sesebelisoa seo-teng taolo le ho tlwaetsa sephethephethe, phepelo matla, VHF seea-le-telemetry, lenaneo nako sesebediswa. Ka holim'a 16 behoa PAC naetrojene diselennere tsamaiso tšebeliso dikamano le oksijene bakeng sa ho hema, radiators batang le likhareteneng hinged, e hlahlobang letsatsi le Motors tlwaetso. Bakeng sa de-potolohang reretsoe braking enjene, o bōpile tlas'a tataiso ea M. Isayev.

Leo ho ahiloeng ho mojulung ona e na le:

• matlo;
• enjene braking;
• setulo ejection;
• 16 diselennere khase Bophelo le tsamaiso dikamano;
• mogote tšireletso ea;
• seletsa lekareche;
• input, thulaganyo le tšebeletso qhotsoa;
• le setshelo le lijo;
• manakana rarahaneng (theipi seea-le-ho tloaelehile hore batho-le-moea taelo ea tsamaiso e khopo);
• motlakase sehokedi matlo;
• ikhule theipi;
• tsamaiso e khopo thothetsang molelo;
• yuniti ya thepa ka ea elektronike;
• porthole;
• a thelevishene khamera.

"Mercury" porojeke e ne

Nakoana ka mor'a hore sefofane se atleha ya pele maiketsetso Earth sathelaete ka mecha ea phatlalatso ea US phetetso touted ho bōptjoa ha e tsamaea le mothusi "Mercury" rometsoe lifofa-sebakeng esita le e mong ea bitsoang letsatsing la sefofane pele. Ka maemo ana, ke habohlokoa haholo hore ba fumane nako e le hore ho hlaha hlōla sebaka peiso, 'me ka nako e tšoanang ho bontša lefatše bophahamo ba tsamaiso e itseng ea lipolotiki. Ka lebaka leo, ho lonthja Lata "Vostok" le monna ea ka sekepeng ba ne ba ferekanya merero ratang botumo ea baphadisani.

Ntshetsopeleng ya "Mercury ile" a qala ho "Mc Donnell Douglas" ka 1958. La 25 April, 1961, ho lonthja pele ea koloi unmanned ka tsela suborbital, 'me ka la 5 May - pele tsamaea le mothusi sefofane ea-sepakapakeng A. Shepard - hape ka tsela suborbital ea metsotso e 15. February 20, 1962 feela, likhoeli tse leshome ka mor'a Gagarin oa sefofane, pele orbital sefofane (3 chenchana ka ho sa feleng mabapi le 5 dihora)-sepakapakeng Dzhona Glenna ka boto e "Frendshir-7." Lata "Redstone" e ne e sebelisoa bakeng sa baratos suborbital le orbital - "Atlas-D". Ka nako eo Soviet Union e ne e le motho ea mafolofolo letsatsi sefofane sepakapakeng G. S. Titova palama "Vostok-2".

Litšobotsi tse dimojule habitable

"East" - e Lata ho nakong e tlang

Ntle le tse hlano simolodisiwa ga kumo teko ea likepe tsa mofuta ona, le lilemo li tseletseng baratos tsamaea le mothusi neng ba li etsa. Nakong e tlang, e thehiloeng "East" ke bōpile e le letoto la "Voskhod" ka dikgetho le hararo 'me habeli, hammoho le satellitari fotorazvedchik "sehlohlolong".

Soviet Union e qala pele sebaka sputnik le rometsoe lifofa-sebakeng le monna ea ka sekepeng. Qalong, lefatše li ile tsa amohela lentsoe "sathelaete" le "-sepakapakeng", empa ka mor'a nako ba ile ba nkeloa sebaka ke le mose ho maoatle buang Senyesemane "sathelaete" le "-sepakapakeng".

bofello

Space Lata "Vostok" tla bula bakeng sa moloko oa batho 'nete e ntjha - theoha fatse le ho li finyella bakeng sa linaleli. Ho sa tsotellehe boiteko ka makhetlo-khetlo ho hona ho tlaela ka bohlokoa ba Sefofane sa cosmonaut pele ka lefatše Yuriya Alekseevicha Gagarina la 12 April, 1961, ketsahalo ena le ka mohla fela, kaha ke e mong oa lifika hlaheletseng ka ho fetisisa ho pholletsa le histori ea tsoelo-pele.