Ba bophelo ba liphoofolo ke eng? Hore hlahloba saense ya ea liphoofolo,?

Organic lefatše la kajeno le biomass tsohle tsa eona tse fapa-fapaneng li ka aroloa ka tse hlano mebuso ea mofuta :

• liphoofolo tse;
• dimela;
• li-mushroom;
• libaktheria;
• likokoana-hloko.

Ho ithuta ka 'ngoe ea tsona e kopanelang e mengata e fapaneng eohle ea saense. Re tla tšohla seo saense e se e ho ithuta e be baemeli ba 'muso phoofolo, bafo ya data ba bitsoa, kaha ha ba ipotsa,' me seo e fumanweng ho fihlela joale fihlellwa.

Saense ea liphoofolo,

Home Saense, e nehetsoeng ka boeena o ho ithuta mefuta e fapaneng le tsela ea bophelo ea liphoofolo - bophelo ba liphoofolo. Hore ke motheo oo boloka tsebo ea barab'abo rōna e nyenyane.

Ba bophelo ba liphoofolo ke eng? Karabo polelong e 'ngoe ke a hlola a atlehe. ha e le feela ea saense e omileng, e thehiloeng khopolo eo, ho ke ke sete ya dikarolo le podnauk bokella thepa ka litaba tsohle tse amanang le lefatše le phoofolo.

Ka hona, e le karabo ea potso ena ke ena: ea liphoofolo, - ea saense ea hore karolo ea biomass ea polanete ea rōna, e bolelang liphoofolo. Kahoo, ntho ea ho ithuta ba bophelo ba liphoofolo tse tsohle diphoofolo tse - ho tloha unicellular ho liphoofolo tse anyesang multicellular protozoa. Taba ea saense e ena e nkoa e le thuto ea Link le ka hare sebopeho, dithulaganyo fisioloji, ho ata ha lintho tsa tlhaho, bophelo le lintho tse khethollang boitšoaro, dirisana le mong ho e mong le ho le linaha tse ling.

Le merero e le maikemisetso saense

ka botlalo ho feta ho utloisisa seo ba bophelo ba liphoofolo, thusa lona lipakane le maikemisetso ka saense e itseng. maikemisetso le tsona ke tsena:

• hlahloba lintlha tsa tshebetso, sebopeho, embryonic le ntshetsopele ea histori ea litho tsohle tsa phoofolo;
• hlahlobeng litsela ho tloaela tikoloho ya bona le trace makgetheng ethology;
• hlalosa karolo ea bona ka tsamaiso ea lefatše manyolo;
• hlwaya karolo batho ka paballo ya le ho sireletsa liphoofolo tse hlaha.

Mabapi le morero reretswe ho ya maikemisetso ba bophelo ba liphoofolo ba le lintho tse latelang:

1. Ho ithuta Link le ka hare sebopeho, hammoho le litšobotsi fisioloji la phoofolo.
2. Papiso ea litlhoko tsa bona 'me habitats bona.
3. Theha melemo le karolo ea lihlopha tsa batho ka bomong ka tlhaho 'me mesebetsi ea batho.
4. Analysis tsa thalo tsa phoofolo ea lefatše, ho khetholla lihlopha tse sa sireletsehang, ho etsa bonnete ba polokeho ea bona le ho ba sireletsa.

Kaha nkoa maikemisetso le, mesebetsi, Sepheo le taba ea bophelo ba liphoofolo, re ka bua ka kannete-nete hore ho ithuta bophelo ba liphoofolo liphoofolo ka liponahatso bohle ba eona.

Classification tsa zoological dikarolo

Ho na le mefuta e fetang limilione tse peli ea liphoofolo. E mong le e na le litšobotsi tse ba lona bo ikhethang, 'me ka kopana le mong ho e mong, ka kakaretso ba ba emela tsamaiso ea ikhethang. Ho ithuta joalo tsamaiso ea hloka nako e ngata le ho etsa boiteko. Ona ke mosebetsi oa batho ba bangata hakaale. Ka hona, saense tsohle ke karolo e khethehileng ea bophelo ba liphoofolo.

tlhophiso bona e thehiloeng melao-motheong e 'meli ea motheo: morerong le ho ithuta mathata bakeng sa saense. Nahana ka ka bobeli.

Classification lintho tsa ho ithuta

1. Mammalogy (mammalogy) - ea saense ea sehlopha sa ea liphoofolo tse anyesang.
2. Herpetologie - tsa lihahabi le liphoofolo tse phelang metsing.
3. Ichthyology - ka litlhapi.
4. Ornithology - ka linonyana (linonyana).
5. Entomology - ka likokoanyana.
6. Acarology - ka na liboseleise ka.
7. Arachnology - le sekho.
8. Malacology - ka leoatle le leoatle la morue.
9. Carcinology - bakeng sa crustaceans.
10. Protozoology - hoo e ka bang e nang le sele (protozoa).
11. Helminthology - le parasitic sebōkō.

Classification tsa zoological dikarolo ka mesebetsi

Ho na le boetse ho na le zoological tlhophiso dikarolo mathata bakeng sa saense. Ho emela dihlopha tse latelang:

• systematics - the karolo sebelisana le tlhophiso le tlhaloso ea sebaka ka manyolo tsamaiso e khopo ea lefatše bakeng sa e mong le e a phoofolo a;
• zoogeography - ea saense hore o ithuta kabo le ho fedisa ka naheng ea polanete ea rōna;
• phetoho - ea saense hore o ithuta likarolo Link le sebopeho hare;
• Phylogenetics - ithuta le lintho tsa motheo tsa ka tšimoloho le ntshetsopele ea histori ea lefatše phoofolo;
• Liphatsa tsa lefutso - ho hlahloba melao ea lefutso le phetoho melokong eohle;
• sobotta - ithuta sebopeho lisele tsa lisele;
• paleozoology - ea saense ea mesaletsa ea liphoofolo foqohe le lintho tsohle tse phelang tsa linako polanete;
• Cytology - ea saense ea sele le sebopeho oa sona;
• ethology - hlahloba litšobotsi tsa mekgwa boitshwaro liphoofolo ka maemo a fapaneng;
• embryology - e ho nahana ka ho thehoa ha embryos le ho tšoana le ho se tšoane lipakeng tsa baemeli ba eohle ea lefatše phoofolo motheong oa ho hlahloba fetal hammoho le peculiarities ea ontogenesis;
• ekolotsi - ithuta sebelisana pakeng tsa liphoofolo tse maphelong a bona, hammoho le tlwaetsa ho maemo a lefatše le sebelisana batho;
• physiology - litšobotsi tsa dithulaganyo bohle bophelo;
• Human anatomy - ithuta sebopeho hare ea liphoofolo.

Bophelo ba liphoofolo tsa vertebrates

Ba bophelo ba liphoofolo tsa vertebrates ke eng? Ena ke karolo ea tse sebetsanang le thuto ea lefatše phoofolo, ho ba le samjun (bakeng sa bophelo e fetoleloa lenaneng la lesapo la mokokotlo le khoele lesapo la mokokotlo).

Maikemisetso a karolo ena ea baithuti taeo tloaelane le likarolo Link le ka hare la litlelase tsohle tsa vertebrates, boitšoaro ba bona bo le phelang ka eona, kabo le karolo linthong tsa tlhaho 'me bophelo ba motho.

Likarolo tsa sehlooho tsa vertebrates tse ikhethang oa ho sehlopha sena ke e latelang:

1. Feela ba na le samjun - moholo-holo oa mokokotlo. Ka mefuta e meng e le lulang ho isa bophelong, empa ba bangata ba hlaha ka mokokotlo.
2. The tsamaiso ea methapo ea liphoofolo tsena e ka ho hlaka le farologantswng la ka boko le lesapong la mokokotlo (ntle le bakeng sa tieo chordates, eo ho eona e le kamehla methapo ea kutlo khoele ea samjun ho).
3. Tsamaiso tshilong ya dijo tsa baemeli ba litlelase fapaneng e qala ka ntle ho molomo a qalang ka pele ea 'mele, ho ea qetellong ea phaephe tshilong ya dijo e fetohe ho tloha phelang metsing ho gills le. Foromo tsa lefatše ka matšoafong.
4. baemeli ba kaofela ba na le pelo - e le setsi sa tsamaiso ea ho potoloha ha mali.

Ke karolong ena e nehetsoeng liphoofolo le ea liphoofolo, ba vertebrates ena.

Bophelo ba liphoofolo tsa invertebrates

Hore o ithuta bophelo ba liphoofolo tsa invertebrates? Ena sebopeho ho khetheha, mekhoa le maemo a mofuta wa liphoofolo tsohle tse sa na le matšoao ana. liphoofolo tse joalo li akarelletsa baemeli ba mefuta e latelang:

• seponche;
• coelenterates;
• segmented, potoloha le liboko a bataletseng;
• morue;
• echinoderms;
• arthropods (likho, likokoanyana, crustaceans).

Invertebrates bopang Boholo ba liphoofolo tsohle tsejoa. Ho phaella moo, ba phetha karolo ea bohlokoa mosebetsing oa moruo.

Hape, baemeli ba bangata ba invertebrates ke tse senyang lijalo hore tlisa batho ba e ngata mathata (jang parasitic sebōkō le lijalo kotulo, 'me joalo-joalo).

Ke ka lebaka leo ho ithuta invertebrates ke ea bohlokoa 'me tsa thahasello e khōlō ea saense.

ea liphoofolo, protozoa

Har'a bonolo ba liphoofolo tsohle le 'ngoe-e nang le sele. e leng:

• sarcomastigophora (amoebae, poto, foraminifery, Dory);
• flagellates (Volvox, euglena, trypanosome, opaline);
• ciliates (ciliary anyang le ciliates);
• sporozoans (gregarines, coccidia, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium falciparum).

Ba bang ba amoebae, ciliates le sporozoans tsohle ke likokoana-hloko tse kotsi tsa mafu a tebileng batho le liphoofolo. Ka lebaka leo, thuto ea qaqileng ea potoloho ea bophelo ba, fepa le ikatisa dithekeniki bona ke karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho batla litsela tsa ho loantša bona. Ke ka lebaka leo ba bophelo ba liphoofolo protozoa ho na le makala a seng tsa bohlokoa ea saense ho feta ba bang kaofela.

A seketshe khutšoanyane ea ntshetsopele saense

saense e Sena ke li monate hakaalo. Ea liphoofolo, hlolloa le ea eka likelellong tsa batho ba bangata ka linako tsohle. 'Me e ka sebele ho loketse. Mora lemohileng ea banab'abo rona nyenyane e hlile e le e thahasellisang haholo le thuso ya ho ikoetlisa.

mekhahlelo ka sehloohong li tšoaroa ea liphoofolo, ntshetsopele, ho se haholo fapane le ba saense tse ling. Tsena ke tsa motheo linako tse 'nè:

1. boholo-holo. Ea boholo-holo Greece - Aristotle, ea boholo-holo Roma - Pliniy Starshy.
2. Bohareng Ages - nako ya stagnation. saense kaofela e ne e le tlas'a tšusumetso ea Kereke, ho ithuta lintho tsohle tse phelang li ne li tieo hanetsoeng.
3. Renaissance - ka ho fetisisa a sebetsang a nako ka ntshetsopele ya bophelo ba liphoofolo. Bokeletseng ngata mogopolofela le e sebetsang tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le bophelong ba liphoofolo, rerileng melao ea motheo kenngoa sebelisoa le thalo taxa binary nomenclature ea limela le liphoofolo mabitso. Mabitso tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa ka nako ena e ne e le: Charles Darwin, Zhan Batist Lamark, Karl Linney, Zhorzh Kyuve, Dzhon Rey, Saint-Hilaire, Antoni Van Levenguk.
4. nako New bua ka XIX-XX lekholong la lilemo la. nako ena ea tsoelo-pele ea tsebo ka sebopeho ea limolek'hule le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa liphoofolo tse, ho bula melao biogenetic le mekgwa ya embryonic le fisioloji ntshetsopeleng ya diphoofolo ya mefuta eohle. mabitso fetisisa kholo: Max, Haeckel le Muller, Mechnikov, Kovalevsky.

ea liphoofolo, morao-rao

XXI lekholong la lilemo la - nako ya tlhōlo theknoloji ditsitithale le o ikhethang oa mechine e meholo-mosebetsing. Sena se fana ka se molemo haholo ha ke ea saense tsohle hore Liphuputso phelang tlhaho, empa ka nako e tšoanang le liphephetso tse ncha ka pel'a 'ona.

ke ea liphoofolo, hona joale ba sethaleng sa ntshetsopeleng eng? Sena ke saense e le hore o ntse a itokisetsa ho araba lipotso tsena:

• ke eng lefatšeng phoofolo?
• melao ea seo a lulang le seo likarolo na?
• Joang motho ea nang le ha ho na kotsi tikolohong ea ho sebelisa phoofolo fapafapana tsa lefatše bakeng sa merero ea bona?
• Na hoa khoneha ho artificially didirisiwa tse ba lahlehileng (foqohe) mefuta?

Ho batla likarabo nka bo-rasaense haholo ho feta nako e itseng, ho sa tsotellehe ho ba le mokhoa joalo ea phethahetseng.

Ea liphoofolo, boleng ho leng thata ho feteletsa. Ho feta hang ka holimo ho builoeng ka seo e kholo karolo e phethang bophelong ba batho, bophelo bo botle ba bona 'me mesebetsi ea moruo. O ile a ithuta lilemong tse lekholo tse 'me kamehla tla ithuta ka lebaka la lipotso bileng le eona mabapi le liphoofolo e ntse e le palo e kholo haholo.