Tungsten - ke eng see? Tekanyo ea ho kena moea oa tungsten le. Libakeng tsa kopo ya tungsten

Tungsten - lik'hemik'hale elements bao palo ea athomo o lekana le 74. Sena morethetho o boima ho tloha, ao ho 'ona e phahameng matla tšepe-bohlooho ho tšoeu, e leng se etsang hore ho be bonolo maemong a mangata ba bohlokoa haholo. Qhibiliha ntlha e phahameng ho feta tsa tšepe e meng, 'me ka hona e sebelisoa e le linaleli ka mabone li phutholohe le likarolo futhumatsang ka sebopi motlakase (mohlala, zirconium-tungsten motsoako). K'hemistri elements dumella e sebelisa e le sethothetsi ka. Feteletseng thatafala etsa hore ho loketse bakeng sa ho sebelisoa "HSS", eo lumella ho khaola thepa ka lebelo phahame ho feta tšepe k'habone, le superalloys. Tungsten carbide elements ho carbon komponeng e 'ngoe ea lintho tse thata ka ho fetisisa tsejoa le ho sebediswa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea siloa le ho retelehela lisebelisoa. Tungstates ea k'halsiamo le magnesium tse sebelisoang haholo ka mabone fluorescent, le oxides tungsten - ka inks le glazes ceramic.

History of sibolloa

The khopolo ea ho ba teng ha elements ena e ile ea pele tlhahiso ka 1779 ke Peter Wolf, ha a tsa utolola matsoai wolframite le etsa qeto ea hore e tlameha na le ntho e ncha. Ka 1781 Carl Wilhelm Scheele bososolami hore acid e le lecha ba ne ba ka fumana ho tswa tungstenita. Thorburn Scheele le Bergman etsa tlhahiso ea hore ba nahane ka ho tšepe e ncha ke phokotso ea acid e, e bitsoang tungstenovoy. Ka 1783, barab'abo rōna ba babeli, Jose le Fausto Elguyar fumanoa ka acid e tungsten, e neng e le tsoanang ho tungstenovoy. Hona selemong seo barab'abo rōna ba atleha ho itšehla tungsten tsa sona, ho sebedisa mashala.

Nakong ea ntoa ea bobeli ea World, sena elements lik'hemik'hale bo bile le seabo e khōlō. tšepe ho hanyetsa mocheso ho phahameng, 'me feteletseng toughness tungsten lits'epe tse kopantsoeng entse lintho tse bonahalang bohlokoa e tala bakeng sa lefapha la sesole. Loanang mekga hatella Portugal e le mohloli o ka sehloohong oa wolframite Europe.

Ho ba ka tlhaho

Karolo ea se etsahala linthong tsa tlhaho wolframite (FeWO ₄ / MnWO _4), scheelite (CaWO _4), le Ferber Gyubnera. mobung bohlokoa oa liminerale tsena li fumanoa United States ka California le Colorado, Bolivia, Chaena, Korea Boroa, Russia le Portugal. China nang ka 75% ea tlhahiso ea lefatše lohle ea tungsten. Metal e fumanoa ka ho fokotsa e oxide e le hydrogen kapa k'habone.

mehloli World li hakanyetsoa ho lithane tse limilione tse 7 lebeletsoe hore 30% ea bona -. mobung Wolframite le 70% - scheelite. Ka nako ena, ntshetsopele bona hase moruong molemo. Maemong jwale tshebediso mehloli tsena tla ba teng ka lilemo tse 140 feela. Mohloli o mong oa bohlokoa oa tungsten ke sephephechaneng tšepe.

Features senotlolo

Tungsten - elements, e leng e classified e le e tšepe phetohong eo. letshwao lona W le tsoa ho Latin lentsoe wolframium. Ka tafole nako le nako, e le ka sehlopha VI pakeng tantalum le rhenium.

E hloekileng tungsten - ka lintho tse bonahalang tiileng, eo mmala fapana ho ea tšepe-bohlooho ho thini tšoeu. Le ho thetsana tsa tšepe e ba brittle le thata ho sebetsa le eena, empa haeba ba ne ba sa etse joalo, e ka khaola le Hacksaw ka. Ho phaella moo, ho ka theha, phuthoa le huloa.

Tungsten - lik'hemik'hale elements, ntlha qhibiliha tsa e phahameng ka ho fetisisa har'a tšepe tsohle (3422 ° C). Hape ho na le se tlaase-tlaase mouoane khatello. matla Tensile ka T> 1650 ° C e boetse ke kholo ka ho fetisisa. Karolo e loantša ho ts'enyeho le ke hanyenyane feela habonolo matsoai acid. Holim 'a kopana le moeeng holim'a tšepe e sireletsang lera oxide e thehoa, empa ka ho feletseng oxidized tungsten ka mocheso phahameng. Ha eketsa tse nyenyane ho tšepe thatafala lona eketsa sharply.

isotopes

Ka tlhaho tungsten na le radioisotopes tse hlano, empa ba na le e joalo e telele halofo bophelo, e le hore ba ka nkoa e le e tsitsitseng. Kaofela ha bona ba oela ka hafnium-72 le mohlapo oa likaroloana, alpha (tse kang helium nuclei ngollana-4). Alpha bola e hlokometse ka W ¹⁸⁰ feela, e bonolo ka ho fetisisa le sa tloaelehang ka ho fetisisa isotopes tsena. Ka kakaretso, 1 g, ea tungsten tsa tlhaho ka selemo etsahala tse peli, alpha bola ea ¹⁸⁰ W.

Ho feta moo, 27 o ile a hlalosa tungsten maiketsetso ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi isotopes. The tsitsitseng boholo ba bona ke ¹⁸¹ W le bophelo halofo ea matsatsi a 121,2, ¹⁸⁵ W (matsatsi a 75,1), ¹⁸⁸ W (matsatsi a 69,4) le ¹⁷⁸ W (matsatsi a 21,6). tse ling tsohle le isotopes maiketsetso oa halofo ea bophelo bo sa feteng letsatsi, 'me boholo ba bona ba - bonyane 8 metsotso e. Tungsten boetse o na le a mane "metastable" puso, e tsitsitseng ho fetisisa - ^179m W (6,4 no mets).

dikgokelo

Metsoako lik'hemik'hale ea tungsten ho kena moea palo liphetoho tloha 2 ho 6, tseo atileng ka ho fetisisa ke tse tšeletseng. Karolo ea ka tloaelo ho kena kopana le oksijene, eaba ba etsa bosehla trioxide (Wo _3), eo e qhibilihang ka har'a ka ditharollo ea metsi alkaline ka mokgwa wa ions, tungstate (Wo ₄ ^2-).

kopo

Kaha tungsten na le e phahameng haholo le qhibilihang mocheso le ductile (ka hoheloa terata), e ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ka bulbs ka li phutholohe le methapo lephaka hammoho le thepa ea motheo e futhumatsang ba sebopi motlakase. Ho phaella moo, lintho tse bonahalang tse ka mamella maemo a feteletseng. E mong oa dikopo lona tsebahalang - selikalikoe ho tjheseletsa le tungsten eleketrode tlas'a khase sireletsang.

ka thata ka ho fetisisa tungsten - loketseng karolo libetsa boima lits'epe tse kopantsoeng. The segokanyipalo sa ea phahameng o sebelisitsoe ka bekha bothata, counterweights le tsitsisang keels bakeng yachts, hammoho le metsu (80-97%). Phahameng lebelo tšepe, e ka khaola lintho tse bonahalang tse ka lebelo phahame ho feta k'habone, e na le ho fihlela ho 18% ya ntho ena. The-blades turbine, apara manganga likarolo le coatings sebelisoa "superalloys" e nang le tungsten. Ena mocheso manganga Roala lits'epe tse kopantsoeng hore o sebetse ka thempereichara e phahameng.

Thermal atolosoa ha elements lik'hemik'hale joaloka borosilicate khalase, kahoo, ho e sebediswa bakeng sa proizvodnje tsa khalase-ho-tšepe tiiso. Dikatiso nang tungsten - ka ka nkang sebaka moholo bakeng sa pele ka likulo le ho thunngoa. Ka lits'epe tse kopantsoeng tsa nikele, tšepe kapa cobalt, e entsoeng ka likhetla percussion. Joaloka kulo e ho otla korotse ka sebelisa eneji, le lona kinetic. Ka lipotoloho setshehetso sa ba tungsten komponeng ho etsa transistors. Mefuta e meng ea liletsa tse likhoele tsa liletsa tsa 'mino entsoe ka terata tungsten.

Tshebediso ya metsoako

The thatafala tsa carbide tungsten ikhethang (W ₂ C, WC) etsa hore ho le lintho tse bonahalang tse ngata ho tloaelehile hore ho sila le ho retelehela lisebelisoa. E e sebelisoa ka metallurgy, meepo, oli e tala le kaho liindasteri. Tungsten carbide le boetse le sebelisoa ho bōpa mabenyane ho tloha ho hypoallergenic le ha e le tšekamelo ea ho lahleheloa ke benya bona.

From oxides lona etsa icing. Tungsten "boronse" (seo ho thoeng ke ka lebaka la oxides 'mala) li sebelisoa pente. tungstates ea k'halsiamo le magnesium sebelisoa ka mabone fluorescent. Tungstate semilolog kristale scintillation e sebelisoa ka moriana ea nyutlelie le fisiks. letsoai le sebelisoa ho indasteri e lik'hemik'hale le indasteri letlalo. Tungsten disulfide ke phahameng mocheso selogetsi, ka mamella 500 ° C. Tse ling tsa metsoako e nang le tungsten, li sebelisoa e le ho etswa ha ka thuto ea k'hemistri.

thepa

The tsa senama tsa motheo tsa W tjena:

• The athomo nomoro ea 74.
• Atomic boima: 183,85.
• Qhibiliha ntlha: 3410 ° C.
• A phehile ntlha: 5660 ° C.
• Weight: 19,3 g, / cm, ³ ho 20 ° C.
• ho kena moea boemo ba +2, +3, +4, tsa +5, +6.
• Electronic phetolo: [xe tai mo phong] 4: d f e ^{14 May 4} 6 ² s.