Tšepe Alloyed: Tlhaloso le litšobotsi kopo lethathamo

ntshetsopeleng e amahanngoa le phetheho. Ntlafala menyetla tsa tšebeliso liindasteri le ba ntlo ea ka ho sebedisa thepa le litšobotsi tse tsoelang pele. Sena, ka ho khetheha doped tšepe. fapafapana bona o ikemiselitse ho khalemeloa bokgoni ditirisanommogo le boleng tsa ho hlophisoa la thepa ea motheo e alloying.

Natural-motsoako tšepe

Pele tšepe hae entsoeng ka ho qhibilihisoa, le nang le thepa e fapaneng ho tloha beng ka bona, e ne e le tsa tlhaho-doped. The neng ba qhibilihisa prehistoric meteorite tšepe e ne e ena e ile ea eketseha tjhelete ya nikele. E fumanoa mabitleng a Baegepeta 4-5 lilemo tse sekete BC. e., hahoa ea tšoanang mehaho sefika Qutab Minar ka Delhi (V c). Japanese damask lisabole entsoe ka tšepe, molybdenum phelelang le Damaseka tšepe e na le tungsten, tloaelehileng bakeng sa phahameng lebelo ea kajeno. Bana e ne e tšepe, le manya eo e ile epilwe ho tloha libakeng tse ling.

Lits'epe tse kopantsoeng ea tlhahiso ea kajeno e ka ba le dikarolo ea tlhaho ea metallic le hlahang ho yona nonmetallic, tse a bonahatsa ka litšobotsi tse ba bona le thepa.

tseleng ea histori

Motheo bakeng sa ntshetsopele ya doping e thehiloe tokafatso tsoana le sebopi qhibiliha mokhoa bakeng sa tšepe Europe lilemong tsa bo-XVIII. Ka tlhahiso ho feta khale ea crucibles sebelisoa mehleng ea boholo-holo, ho akarelletsa le bakeng sa ho qhibilihisa sa Damaseka le Damaseka tšepe. Mathoasong a lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, theknoloji e se e ho ntlafatsa ka tekanyo e liindasteri, 'me lumelloa ho fetola ea ho hlophisoa le boleng ba lintho tse bonahalang ho qala.

• Qalang tsoa hong ea ho feta le ho feta likarolo tse ncha tsa lik'hemik'hale, pushed bafuputsi ba ho liteko tsa ho qhibilihisa liteko.
• Mpe tšusumetso ea koporo ka boleng tšepe.
• Open koporo tse nang le 6% tšepe.

Liteko li ne li khannoa ka ho ya ka tšusumetso e ditirisanommogo le boleng tsa ka motsoako tšepe ea tungsten, a mankanese a, thaethaniamo, molybdenum, cobalt, chromium polatinamo, nikele, aluminium, 'me ba bang.

Pele indasteri tlhahiso ea tšepe alloyed le mankanese, thehilwe qalong ea lekholo la lilemo la XIX. E boetse e ntshetswa pele ho tloha 1856 e le karolo ea Bessemer tshebetso ya ho qhibilihisa.

doping Features

makgetheng morao-rao ho dumella ho qhibiliha tšepe alloyed ya sebopeho leha e le efe. The melao-motheo ea theknoloji ena:

1. Alloying dikarolo li nkoa feela haeba ba ne ba ba a kenyelletsa le ho toba diteng tsa e mong le e feta 1%.
2. Sebabole, hydrogen, phosphorus nkoa litšila. The inclusions nonmetallic li sebelisoa e le boron, naetrojene, ka silicon, ka seoelo - phosphorus.
3. Buka ea doping - ke selelekela ea likarolo ho ka ntho entsoeng ka ho qhibilihisoa ka har'a lefapha metallurgical. Holim ke tshebetso ya holim'a metsi lera diffusion ho tlala likarolo hlokahala lik'hemik'hale ka thempereichara e phahameng.
4. Mosebetsing oa ho tseloe, fetoloa e bonaletsang sebōpeho sa "ngoana" ea boitsebiso boo. Ba ka etsa kapa u hle ho kenella ka hare tsa ditharollo 'me ba tsamaisa ka ho meeli ea metallic le batho bao e seng metallic dibopeho, ho bōpa motsoako phetha molao oa khoahlapisitseng. A karolo ea e kholo mona e bapaloang ke tekanyo e oa solubility ea thepa ea motheo e ka 'ngoe tse ling.

dikarolo alloying

Ho latela tlhophiso kakaretso, lirafshoa tsohle tse arotsoe ka ba batsho le 'mala. Ho kenyeletsa batho ba batsho tšepe, google chrome le mankanese. Colored arotswe bobebe (aluminium, magnesium, potassium), e boima (nikele, zinki, koporo), le e babatsehang (polatinamo, silevera, khauta), tšepe refractory (tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, thaethaniamo), matšoafo seoelo lefatše le ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi. Ke alloying tšepe kenyeletsa tse sa tšoaneng e khōlō ea leseli, boima, e babatsehang le refractory bao e seng ferrous le tsohle batho ba batšo.

Ho itšetlehile ka karo-karolelano ea likarolo tsena le botlaaseng tšepe Massey qetela arotsoe ka tlase motsoako (3%), srednelegirovannye (3-10%) le tse phahameng (ho feta 10%).

steels alloyed

Theknolojing, tshebetso e otlolohe. Fapaneng bophara haholo. Maikemisetso le ka sehloohong la steels tse latelang:

• Eketseha ka matla.
• Ntlafala mogote sebetsa diphetho.
• Keketseho ea ho hanyetsa ts'enyeho, mocheso ho hanyetsa, mocheso ho hanyetsa, mocheso ho hanyetsa, ho hanyetsa maemo mabifi ho sebelisa mehaho, bophelo tšebeletso.

Metsoako e ka sehloohong - ferrous motsoako le tšepe refractory, tse akarelletsang Kr, MN, W, V, Ti, Mo, 'me' mala o Al, Ni, cu.

Chromium le nikele - metsoako e ka sehloohong hlalosang tšepe glassware (X18H9T) le refractory, eo maemo a sebetsa tšoauoa ka thempereichara e phahameng le mejaro makala (15H5). Ka ho imenneng e ho fihlela ho 1.5% e sebediswa bakeng sa dibering le likarolo khohlano (15HF, SHH15SG)

Mankanese - ya motheo karolo ea steels qhoaele manganga (110G13L). nyenyane khothalletsa deoxidation, fokotsa mahloriso ya phosphorus le sebabole.

Silicon e le vanadium - likarolo tse itseng palo ea eketseha elasticity le tse sebelisoang bakeng sa tlhahisong ea liliba (55S2, 50HFA).

Aluminium ke a loketse bakeng sa tšepe le e kholo ho hanyetsa ea motlakase (H13YU4).

A bath bohlokoa ea tungsten dikahare oa sesebelisoa tsitsitseng se phahameng-lebelo steels (P9 R18K5F2). Alloyed tirila tsa tšepe tsa lintho tse bonahalang le tse ling tse ngata e behang le manganga ho tshebetso ho feta e tšoanang sesebelisoa k'habone tšepe.

Alloyed tšepe ka tšebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka nako tsebahalang thoeng lits'epe tse kopantsoeng le thepa makatse fumana ka mekhoa doping. Ka tsela eo "lehong tšepe" e na 1% chromium le 35% nikele, e rerang mogote lona phahameng conductivity, e bath bakeng sa patsi. Diamond hape kenyelletsa ditokiseletso 1.5% k'habone, 0.5% chromium le 5% ea tungsten, eo e tšoaeang e le haholo-holo ba tiile, tšoana ho taemane.

tšepe doping

Lahleloa litšepeng steels fapana bohlokoa k'habone dikahare (ho tloha ho 2,14 ho 6,67%), e phahameng thatafala le ho hanyetsa ts'enyeho, empa matla a tlaase. Le hore ba eketse ho mefuta e fapaneng ya thepa le dikopo totobetseng, e doped le chromium mankanese, aluminium, ka silicon, nikele, koporo, tungsten, vanadium.

Ka lebaka la litšobotsi khethehileng ea boitsebiso bo bongata tšepe le doping lona - e rarahaneng ho feta thulaganyou e ho feta bakeng sa tšepe. E mong le e ea likarolo ho ama tšokoloho ea liforomo k'habone ka eona. Ho tloha ka a mankanese a thusa hore ho thehoe le "e nepahetseng" ea graphite, e leng ntlafatsa durability. Selelekela tsa carbon ding hape e na le phello ea fetoheng molaong puso ea lefeela, whitening tšepe le fokotsa thepa lona phetha molao feela.

thekenoloji e thata tlaase qhibiliha mocheso (ka karolelano ho fihlela ho 1000? C), athe boholo ba thepa ea motheo e alloying ke haholo e phahameng ho feta boemong ba ona.

Ho fetisisa ka katleho bakeng sa tšepe alloying rarahaneng. Ka nako e tšoanang, u lokela ho ela hloko ho eketseha monyetla oa segregation tsa castings, ho petsoha kotsing ea ho lahla likoli. Ho phetha thulaganyou e sebetsang hantle haholoanyane ka motlakase le sebopi induction. E tlamang tatelano ya mehato ke boleng bo phahameng mocheso kalafo.

litšepeng liheloe Chromium ba tšoauoa ka phahameng qhoaele hanyetsa, matla, mocheso ho hanyetsa, ho hanyetsa botsofali le ts'enyeho (CHH3, CHH16). Ba li sebelisoa lik'hemik'hale le boenjiniere le ka ho hlahisa thepa metallurgical.

Lahleloa tšepe alloyed ka silicon e na, ba tšoauoa ka ho hanyetsa phahameng ts'enyeho le ho hanyetsa liphello tsa metsoako lik'hemik'hale mabifi, le hoja e khotsofatsang phetha molao thepa (CHS13, CHS17). likarolo foromo ea lik'hemik'hale sethusathuto, piping le lipompo.

Mohlala oa alloying haholo rarahaneng ke mocheso manganga litšepeng liheloe. Ba na le ka sebopeho le ba batsho alloying tšepe bona tse kang chromium mankanese, nikele. Di tšoauoa ka phahameng ho hanyetsa ts'enyeho, apara ho hanyetsa le ho hanyetsa likhatello le phahameng ka tlas'a maemo a sa khahlamelo e phahameng - likarolo tsa turbines, lipompo, Motors, thepa indasteri lik'hemik'hale (CHN15D3SH, CHN19H3SH).

E karolo ea bohlokoa ke ea koporo, e leng ho akarelletsa e rarahaneng le lirafshoa tse ling, e foromeletsoeng ho litšobotsi tsa eketseha le motsoako.

motsoako koporo

E e sebelisoa ka eona foromo e hloekileng 'me entsoe ka lits'epe tse kopantsoeng koporo eo na le mefuta e fapaneng mefuta e itšetlehile ka karo-karolelano ea ba ka sehloohong le alloying likarolo, koporo, boronse, nikele silevera,' me nelziybery tse ling.

Hloekileng koporo - zinki motsoako - se doped. Haeba e akarelletsa le ho hlophisoa ha alloying tšepe batho bao e seng ferrous ka e itseng - e nkoa e le multicomponent. Boronse - e lits'epe tse kopantsoeng le dikarolo tse ding metallic, e ka ba thini kapa thini-e nang, doped ka maemong 'ohle. Ntlafala boleng ke sebelisa MN, Fe, Zn, Ni, sn, PB, E, Al, P, Si.

The silicon e dikahare tsa metsoako koporo ntlafatsa hanyetsa ts'enyeho ea bona, matla a le elasticity; thini, le loto, - qeto ea hore na boleng le antifriction litšobotsi tse positive, a lekanyelitsoeng machinability; nikele le mankanese - dikarolo, seo ho thoeng ke lits'epe tse kopantsoeng deformable eo le bona ba na le phello e ntle ka ho hanyetsa ts'enyeho; tšepe ntlafatsa thepa mechine le zinki - theknoloji.

Ba li sebelisoa boenjiniere le motlakase ka lintho tse bonahalang tsa motheo e tala bakeng sa tlhahisong ea mefuta e fapaneng ya lithapo, ka lintho tse bonahalang bakeng sa ho etsa thepa dikarolo tse mahlonoko tseo ho thepa lik'hemik'hale, boenjiniere le sethusathuto phetha molao oa kaho, ka liphaephe le phapanyetsano ea mocheso o matla.

aluminium doping

Sebelisoa e foromeletsoeng kapa lits'epe tse kopantsoeng e teiloeng. Doped tšepe motheo oa lona ke metsoako tsa koporo, a mankanese a, kapa magnesium (duralumin, joalo-joalo), ea bobeli - ka motsoako le silicon e, seo ho thoeng ke silumins, le tsohle tsa dikgetho ho khoneha ba doped sebelisa Kr, MG, Zn, Co, cu, Si.

Koporo eketsa plasticity lona; Silicon e - ho fluidity le boleng foromeletsoeng thepa; chromium mankanese, magnesium - ntlafatsa matla a, thepa e lokisa le ho hatelloa ke machinability hanyetsa ts'enyeho. Hape e le alloying dikarolo tlatsetsang ho hanyetsa botsofali le ho maemo a mabifi ho sebelisa mehaho e ka ho amohelwa B, PB, Zr, Ti, Bi.

Tšepe - e motsoako sa rateheng, empa lintho tse ngata tse nyenyane sebediswa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea aluminium foil. Silumin sebelisoa ho lahla likarolo tse mahlonoko tseo le housings ka boenjiniere le ho phetha molao feela. Duralumin le otla ka litebele le aluminium thehiloeng lits'epe tse kopantsoeng - ea bohlokoa e tala lintho tse bonahalang bakeng sa proizvodnje likarolo vela, ho akarelletsa le ho mo qobella dibopeho ka lifofane kaho, shipbuilding le mochine.

tšepe Alloyed ameha likarolong tsohle tsa indasteri e tse kang tse hore ba ntlafalitse litšobotsi tse mechine le theknoloji, e bapisoa le boitsebiso bo qalang. The mefuta e fapaneng ya likarolo alloying le menyetla ea theknoloji e morao-rao ho dumella ho etsa diphetolo tse fapa-fapaneng hore lelefatsa bokgoni ka saense le theknoloji.