Tolstoy Aleksey: sebetsa. Thathamisa le hlahloba mesebetsi ea Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy

Fane Tolstoy ka tsela eo re talimang e amana haufi le mosebetsi dingolwa, 'me e ke ha ho makatse. The prose Russia le lithothokiso le ba bararo mongoli tsebahalang, ea ileng a roala e: Tolstoy, Alexey Alexei Tolstoy. Mesebetsi ngotsoeng ke tsona, ha ho letho le amanang, empa bangodi li kopantsoe ke mali, le hoja e hōle. Kaofela ha bona ke litho tsa kgolo aristocratic lekala. Tatyana Tolstaya, mongoli ea kajeno, ka tshohanyetso, hape ke oa lelapa lena. Leha ho fetisisa tummeng moemeli ea tsoang lekaleng ena e babatsehang e, ya e le hantle, Tolstoy, kajeno re u fa ho tloaelana le mesebetsi ea Alexei Konstantinovich. Mesebetsi ea Alekseya Nikolaevicha Tolstogo hape lokela ho ela hloko. Leha ho le joalo, ena ke sehlooho bakeng sa sehlooho se fapaneng ka ho feletseng. Ho joalo, ho etsa mohlala, o ile a bōpa namesake seroki re thahasella ebile e le mongoli Alexei Tolstoy sebetsa bakeng sa bana, e leng tse ratoang haholo le e hlollang ho fihlela letsatsing lena.

Biography Tolstoy Alexei Konstantinovich

Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy (lilemo tsa bophelo - 1817-1875) - seroki, mongoli, playwright. O ile a hlaha ka St. Petersburg. O tsoa lesikeng la ho Razumovsky lehlakoreng mè (la hae le leholo-ntate-moholo oa - e hetman qetela la Little K. Razumovsky, le ntate-moholo oa hae, AK Razumovsky - Letona la Thuto nakong ea puso ea Alexander I). Ntate oa mongoli nakong e tlang - Earl K. P. Tolstoy, eo ho eena e le 'mè hang-hang ka mor'a ho tsoaloa ha moshanyana e arohana. Alexey hōlisoa tlas'a tataiso ea 'mè oa hae,' me khaitseli ea hae - A. A. Perovskogo, mongoli, liphihlelo thothokiso ho khothalletsa mocha Tolstoy.

Ka 1834 o ne a hirile ke Lefapha la Litaba Tsa Naha Esele ka Moscow diario. Hang sena e bile ka tšebeletso ea mebuso. Tolstoy Aleksey, bao mesebetsi ea bona re hlahisa ho uena ka tlaase mona, o ile a fumana ka 1843 e le sehlooho sa ngoloang tsa bedchamber ena.

Fantastic pale le maikutlo a lerato e iqapetsoeng

Ka 1830s morao - 1840s mathoasong a lekholo a ba bōpa e le pale fantastis, hlokometse ho bukeng Gothic le maikutlo a lerato prose: "Seboka sa lilemo tse makholo a mararo", "Ghoul lelapa." e hatisitsoeng ka mosebetsi oa hae pele - ho e ngotsoe ka 1841 bukeng "The Vampire", bōpa tlasa pseudonym Krasnorogsky. Hape ka 1840s ea, Alexey o ile a qala mosebetsi oa ho e bukeng ea histori ba e biditseng "Khosana ea Silver" (phethoa ka 1861), ka nako e tšoanang kaofela letoto la ballads le lithothokiso lyrical, e hatisitsoeng batla hamorao (ka go th 1850-60 lilemo tse). Li atile, mesebetsi e mengata e sa Alekseya Tolstogo. Thathamisa bona ka tsela e latelang: "Kurgan", "Bells My", "Khosana Michael Repnin" le "Basil Shibanov" le ba bang.

Tšebelisano ka "Contemporary"

Ka 1850s mathoasong a ho na le e ne e le rapprochement le Tolstoy N. A. Nekrasovym, I. S. Turgenevym le bangoli ba bang ba. Qalang ho tloha 1854 ho "Contemporary" hatisitsoeng parody hae dingolwa le lithothokiso. Ka kopanelo le VM le A. M. Zhemchuzhnikovymi (bo-motsoala ba hae) ka lefapha la makasine ena "dingolwa phae" e ile ea hatisoa tlasa pseudonym Kozma Prutkov satirical parody ea mosebetsi. Bōptjoa mongoli ena inahaneloang e se e le seipone sa liketsahalo moribund lingoliloeng le ka nako e tšoanang a bōpa setšoantšo satirical tsa bureaucrat, ho iketsa eka ke e le etsang molao la tatso ea bonono.

Tolstoy Aleksey, bao mesebetsi ea bona ka nako eo se ne ngata, tloha kenya letsoho "Contemporary", ea qala ho hatisoa ka ho "fetola moqoqo Russia," 'me hamorao, ka 1860-70-ogy tloha 1857 - hangata ka "Journal of Europe" hammoho le "Russia Gazette". Ka nako eo, o ile a emela melao-motheo ea seo ho thoeng ke "tsebo e hloekileng", ke hore ikemetseng ho tloha mehopolo leha e le efe ea lipolotiki, ho akarelletsa le "tsoelang pele".

Ka 1861 Tolstoy Aleksey Konstantinovich, bao mesebetsi ea bona e tšohliloeng sehloohong sena, 'me qetellong la tlohela mosebetsi ho tloha tšebeletso, haholo tšoenngoa eena,' me e bua haholo ka botlalo ka mesebetsi bongoling.

Ka 1862 o hatisitsoeng thothokiso ea hae "Don Juan" tse latelang - "Silver Prince" (lipale). Ka 1866, leseli oa tsoa karolo ea pele ea pōpo e khōlō - ho trilogy tsa histori "The Lefu la Ivan le tšabehang", lilemo tse peli hamorao - bobeli - "Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich", 'me ka bo-1870 - ho qetela - "Tsar Boris".

lyrical lefa

Arabela potso ka seo mesebetsi ngotsoe ke Alexey Tolstoy, re lokela ho hlokomela, 'me ke lyrics hae. Ka 1867, ho bonahala le pokello ea pele ea lithothokiso ke mongoli ena. Ka lilemo tse leshome ho qetela ea bophelo ba hae o ile a ngola ka ballade (1868 - "Snake Tugarin", 1869 - "The Sefela sa Harald le Yaroslavna", 1870 - "Roma Galitsky", 1871, -. "Ilya Muromets" le ba bang). Hlahella e le 'satire lipolotiki temana ea ( "History ea State Russia ...", e hatisitsoeng ka 1883, "Popov o Dream." - ka 1882,' me batho ba bang), o lyric lithothokiso (1874 bato - "Portrait", 1875 - "Dragon" ).

Kakaretso litšobotsi tsa boiqapelo

Creativity Alexei Konstantinovich imbued le be le bonngoe ka mehopolo filosofi, sepheo, maikutlo lyrical. Ho ka 'na ho hlokomela thahasello ea ka litaba tse kang filosofi tsa histori, naha khale, lerato la tlhaho, ho hana khatello Tsarist - makgetheng tsena tsa boiqapelo Tolstoy o e bonahatsoa ke ba bangata ba mesebetsi ea hae e ba setho sa mefutakwalo fapaneng. Sebopeho se setle ea naha, e loketseng Russia ea sechaba tlhaku, Alexey nkoa Novgorod boholo-holo le Kievan RUS. Ke tsela ea bophelo ea Russia ka nako eo ho ne ho bonahala mo tjena: boemo bo phahameng ba ntshetsopele ya bonono tse sa tšoaneng, le bohlokoa ba ho lera setso, ba phahameng sechabeng, khosana ea hlompha tokoloho le seriti ea baahi, le tsela e bonolo ea ho ba le mekhoa, ho se tšoane 'me bophara ba likamano tsa machaba, haholo-holo le Europe.

ballads

Bontšang litšoantšo tsa boholo-holo Russia ballads imbued le lyricism, ba bontša toro ka takatso e matla ea mothehi oa boipuso ea moea, hammoho le ho hlolloa ke monna ea bahale ea botšepehi, ba penta ka setso mahlo-mafubelu lithothokiso Alexei Tolstoy. Mesebetsi, lethathamo la tse u mengoa ( "Mockingbird", "Ilya Muromets", "Canute", "Alyosha Popovich" le ballads tse ling) ba tšoauoa ka 'nete ea hore litšoantšo tsa bahale tsomo ho tsona, liketsahalo tsa histori lipale bontša maikutlo a mongoli e, kenyelletse lintho likhopolo hae (ho mohlala, Vladimir Kiev Prince). Ba ka ba nang le eona ea bonono ba haufi le ba bang ba lithothokiso tse ling lyrical ke Alexei Konstantinovich ( "The Edge u ka ...", "Kohl lerato, hobane ntle ho bohlale", "ringing ea kereke litloloko" le ba bang.).

ballads Tolstoy bontšang mehleng ea matlafatsang tsa statehood Russia, patiwa ka qalisang khōlō. bafo ba bona liketsahalo tse sa puso Ivana Groznogo, e ka lebaka leo ba nka hore poleloana e reng ho fetisisa e hlakileng ea molao-motheo oa absorption ea motho ka mong 'me boemo ba autocracy se nang moeli.

Ballad "e khōlō" ka eona foromo ho feta ba setso ho feta "lyrical", eo e amana haholo-holo ho ea qetellong ea 1860 - qalong ea 1870. Leha ho le joalo, bao e leng ba Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy o ile a hlokomela 'nete ea hore o ile a etsa e le seroki pele, ea khonang ho ho fetoloa sebōpeho sa mofutakwalo sa.

Ka mohlala, ka e mong oa ballads e reng, "Vasily Shibanov" a o ikgakolola boemo khale oa phehisano e le morena oa moahi bolokolohi ba ratang, ba ata le tlas'a tšusumetso ea mesebetsi ea Friedrich Schiller. Fetisetsa joang Kurbski khalemela Ivana Groznogo, Tolstoy ka barupeluoa ba sa ntoa ena e khōlō - ho nobleman tletseng borabele le morena oa - e hatisa akaretsang: ho hloka teboho, bobatana le boikhohomoso. Ba ikemiselitse ho utloa bohloko ka 'nete, le bokhoni ba ho etsa sehlabelo Alexey ke monna ea bonolo, bao ba ba se etsetsa mahlabelo qaka ya matla. Ho joalo, mohlanka oa morena hapa tlhōlo ea boitšoaro le ea tsosolosa feat, ba hae tlhōlo ea boholo ba 'nete ba monna ho fetela ho ba inahanelang. Joaloka tse ling tse "e khōlō" ho ballad mongoli, "Vasily Shibanov" ka taba ena le ho rarahana lona kelello ea batho bao ho buuoang ba litšoantšo, hammoho le 'mōpi ea mokgwathupelo boitshwaro ho liketsahalo tsa histori e tsamaea haufi le pōpo ea mefutakwalo tse khōlō hore o ile a ngola Tolstoy Aleksey. mesebetsi ena re tla hlahlobeng.

bukeng Tolstoy o

Alexey ka bukeng ea hae "The Silver Prince" tšoantšetsa likhohlano tse mabifi ka boemo ba sa laoleheng khatello ea batho ba matla le e bontša hore botho ba morena le entourage ba hae ho tlatlapeng ha e na le phello e kotsi. Mosebetsing ona, ho ile a hlokomela hore, hula hole le spoiled se lekhotla le selika-likoe, ka linako tse ling esita le tlameha ho pata khatellong ea sechaba le ho hlorisoa le talenta ea batho bao e leng strata fapaneng tsa sechaba, leha ho le joalo "etsa histori", sireletsa naha ho tloha tlhaselo ke lira tsa linaheng tse ling, ithuta le sibolla Linaheng tse ncha (Ermak Timofeevich, Mitya, Ivan ring, Prince Silver, 'me batho ba bang.). Ka mokhoa oa sehlahiswa sena ho amahanngoa le ho ea ka lineano tsa lipale le bukeng ea histori ea 1830s ea, ho akarelletsa le ba tsoang pale ka Nikolaya Vasilevicha Gogolya ka "Taras Bulba" le "tšabehang iphetetsa".

mosebetsi e khōlō

Ka holimo tse khōlō trilogy mongoli tšoantšetsoa Russia bophelo ba lekholong la bo16 la lilemo morao - qalong ea 17. litšoantšiso tsena bakeng sa hae tsa bohlokoa haholo ho rarolla tse sa tšoaneng mathata histori le tsa filosofi ho feta ho khomarela ka thata-thata ho lintlha tse histori. Alexey bontša tlokotsi ea mapolanka a mararo, tsars tharo Ivan le tšabehang, Amehile Haholo ka maikutlo a hore matla a hae a - ". Sa rata maemo a le tsusumetso e" tsoa ho Molimo, mosa-galant 'musi oa Fedor le ea bohlale Boris Godunov,

a lebisa tlhokomelo haholo Tolstoy Aleksey, bao mesebetsi ea bona, hangata e tšoantšoa le epoch fetileng, e ileng ea fuoa ho bōptjoa ka litsoantso e ikhethang, batho ka bomong le e hlakileng ea lipalo tsa histori. phihlello a hae a maholo e leng setšoantšo sa ho Moemphera Theodore, eo e bontša hore ka 1860 mongoli ithutile melao-motheo ea baanelwa kelellong. Ka 1898 o, le Moscow Art Theater ho ile ha buloa staging tsa tlokotsi tsa mongoli ena - "Morena oa . Fyodor Ivanovich" Tsena ke mesebetsi e meholo e khōlō Alekseya Tolstogo. Lethathamong le ka tsoela pele, hobane re ho tse thathamisitsoeng feela tse khōlō.

satire theha mokhatlo oa lipolotiki

Features ya pono ea histori Alexei Konstantinovich bonahatsoa hae satires lipolotiki. Ka mohlala, bakeng sa pale ena anecdotal e neng e le mesebetsi ea "Toro ea Popova" patiloe phoqa ea ka mongoli oa liberals ena. Ka temana ena, "Khahlanong le Current" kapa, ho etsa mohlala, "Ka linako tse ling ho monate ka May ..." le ba bang ba bontša tsekong le nihilists ena. Ka "History ea State ..." Alexey tlas'a se nang mohau ho soma ha liketsahalo tsa histori, o ne a lumela hore ba thibela ho phela Russia.

e haufi-ufi le lyrics

Ka lehlakoreng le leng ho ballads le matla, e haufi-ufi mantsoe a mongoli ena e ne e le tsoang linaheng tse ling elation molumo. Ba lipelo li ntle le e bonolo lyrical sebetsa Alekseya Konstantinovicha Tolstogo. Ba bangata ba bona ba tšoana le libuka tsa lipale kelello temaneng ( "E ne e le mathoasong a selemo", "Har'a bolo lerata, ka phoso ...").

Mino o bōpile ka mesebetsi ke Alexei Konstantinovich

Alexey hlahiswa ka mosebetsi oa likarolo tsa bona tsa setso setaele tsela ea thothokiso, lithothokiso hae hangata haufi le pina. Behantsha 'mino ke pōpo tse ngata hore o ile a bōpa Alexei Tolstoy. Mesebetsi (lethathamo e akarelletsa tse fetang 70 lithothokiso) ea e-ba motheo oa ho ba songs, eo a neng a ngotsoe ka mantsoe a ho ya P. I. Chaykovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, S. I. Taneev, M. P. Musorgsky le ba bang.