Thibelo ea tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng: mefuta e, boleng mochine

Molao oa tsamaiso ea mosebetsi neural e le thulaganyo ya nyakallo le thibelo ka CNS. Qalong, ho bonahala e le e itsoara joang ka tsa motheo ho hlasimollang le. Ka tshebetso ya ho iphetola ha lintho o ile a complication mesebetsi neuroendocrine, ea isang ho sebopeho sa likarolo tse khōlō tsa litsamaiso methapo le endocrine. A sehloohong sena a re tla hlahloba e 'ngoe ea dithulaganyo ka sehloohong - thibelo ka CNS, mefuta e le mekgwa ya kenngwa tshebetsong lona.

Tšohile dinama tse nyenyane tse, sebopeho lona le mosebetsi

mefuta e 'ngoe ea lisele liphoofolo, e mong ea bitsoang methapo ea kutlo o sebopeho khethehileng hore e fana ka bobeli tshebetso nyakallo le activating e braking mosebetsi ka CNS. lisele tse methapo ea kutlo bopilwe ka 'mele le appendages: lekgutshwanyane (dendrites) le nako e telele (axon), e leng e fana ka phetiso ea litakatso tsa methapo ea kutlo ho tloha mong ho neurocyte e' ngoe. Qetellong ea axon ya mabitso a mang a ka cell methapo ea kutlo le dendrites tsa neurocyte latelang libakeng tse bitsoang synapses. Ba etsa bonnete ba hore litakatso bioelectric hammoho dinama tse nyenyane tse methapo ea kutlo. Moo ba nyakallo kamehla susumelletsa ka tataiso e 'ngoe - ho tloha axon ho' mele kapa dendrites tsa neurocyte e 'ngoe.

thepa e 'ngoe ntle le nyakallo e phallang ka dinama tse nyenyane tse methapo ea kutlo, - thibelo ka CNS. Ho ka karabelo ea 'mele ea ho hlasimollang ea isang ho fokotsa kapa cessation feletseng tsa enjene kapa mosebetsi secretory, e akarelletsa ho methapo ea kutlo centrifugal. Braking ka dinama tse nyenyane tse ea methapo ka etsahala ntle le nyakallo selelekela, empa feela ka tlas'a tšusumetso ea braking ba mokena-lipakeng, tse kang GABA. O mong oa mechine e khōlō ea braking. U ka boela ua bitsa ntho ena e le glycine. asiti ena amino ho akarelletsa ho matlafatsa dithulaganyo inhibitory le di hlohleletsago tlhahiso ea limolek'hule ka acid e synapses gammaaminomaslyannoy.

I. M. Sechenov le mosebetsi oa hae ka neurophysiology

Ba hlaheletseng Russia rasaense, 'mōpi oa khopolo ea ho ba mosebetsi reflex ea boko o ile a bontša ho ba teng likarolong tse bohareng tsa tsamaiso ea methapo ea mehahong e khethehileng ea lisele khona ho inactivating dithulaganyo bioelectric. Bula litsi Brake ka tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng o entsoe khoneha ka tshebediso ya I. Sechenov mefuta e meraro ea liteko. Tsena li akarelletsa ho itšeha dikarolo makhapetla libakeng tse fapaneng tsa boko, tlhotlheletso ya motho loci bohlooho taba ke lintlha meleng kapa lik'hemik'hale (electrocution, sodium chloride) hammoho le mokhoa oa nyakallo ea litsi boko fisioloji. I. M. Sechenov e ne e le experimenter moholo, ho phetha fokotsa ho marang-nepahetseng sebakeng sa pakeng tsa thalame le se nepahetseng thalamus tsa Frog ena. O ile a shebella phokotsong le cessation feletseng tsa mosebetsi dilenaneo ea maoto le matsoho a liphoofolo a oa.

Ho joalo, neurophysiologist bula mofuta o khethehileng oa dithulaganyo neural - thibelo ka CNS. Mefuta le mekgwa ya sebopeho lona, re buisana ka ho qaqileng ho feta karolong e latelang, 'me hona joale hang hape saktsentiruem hloko' nete ena: mafapheng tse kang medulla oblongata, le thalamic teng saeteng bitsoa Brake, kapa "Sechenovskiy" setsi. Rasaense le hona ho ile ho ba teng ha sona, eseng feela ka liphoofolo tse anyesang empa hape le ka batho. Ho feta moo, I. M. Sechenov sibolla lipono tse makatsang tsa litsi tonic nyakallo Brake. E utlwisiswa ke tshebetso ena nyane nyakallo ka methapo ea kutlo centrifugal le mesifa amanang, hammoho le ka thibelo ea methapo ea kutlo e buang bona.

Sebelisana hore na dithulaganyo neural?

Lithuto tsa ba hlaheletseng Russia physiologist I. P. Pavlova le I. M. Sechenova bontšitse hore mosebetsi oa tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng tšoauoa ka ho sebdisana ha dithsebeletso a itšoare reflex. Sebelisana ba nyakallo le thibelo ka CNS fella ka molao oa tsamaiso hokahangoa mesebetsi 'mele: ikoetlisa, respiration, tshilo ya dijo, excretion. dithulaganyo Bioelectric ka nako etsahala litsi methapo ea kutlo 'me ka' na sequentially phetoho ka mor'a nako. E fana ka Correlation le temana e nakong ea reflexes arabela matšoao hare le kantle tikoloho. Liteko tse ngata tse entsoeng ke neurophysiologists, o ile a tiisa 'nete ea hore nyakallo le thibelo ea tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng - e senotlolo liketsahalo tšohile, tse thehiloeng le mehlala e itseng. A re hlahlobeng bona ka ho qaqileng.

The litsi tsa methapo ea kutlo ea cortex bokong ba khona ho aba mefuta bobeli dithulaganyo ho pholletsa le tsamaiso ea methapo. thepa ena e bitsoa radiating nyakallo kapa thibelo. Fapaneng ketsahalo - fokotsa kapa fokotsa ho sebaka sa boko, ho jala bioimpulsy. E bitsoa mahloriso. Bobeli mefuta ditshebeditsano, le bo-rasaense ba hlokometse bakeng sa sebopeho sa reflexes masusu tsa likoloi. Nakong ea qalong ea bokgoni ba enjene, ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea ho lelefatsa bophelo ba lijo tsa nyakallo ka nako khaola lihlopha mesifa multiple, se hakaalo hore e amehang tshebetso ya dilenaneo ketso thehoa. Ke feela ka mor'a repetitions multiple generated beha ya phetha molao 'meleng (-skating, ski, cyclisme), ho fellang ka ea mahloriso ya dithulaganyo nyakallo tse itseng neuronal foci cortical, mekhatlo eohle ea batho ba vysokokoordinirovannymi.

Ho switjha e likoloha methapo ea kutlo e ka boela ea hlaha ka lebaka la ho induction. Ho bonahala eka ha maemo a latelang li khotsofalitsoe ke: pele ha ho thibelo kapa nyakallo mahloriso, dithulaganyo tsena e lokela ho ba tsa matla a lekaneng. Saense tsebahalang mefuta e 'meli ea induction: S-mohato (ka CNS bohareng thibelo kgothaletsa nyakallo) le foromo mpe (nyakallo bakang braking thulaganyou e). Hape o ile a fumana induction kamehla. Tabeng ena, tshebetso methapo e felisoa ka setsi methapo ea kutlo. Lithuto tsa neuroscientists ipakile e le hantle hore boitšoaro ba liphoofolo tse anyesang e phahameng 'me batho e hlalosoa ka liketsahalo induction, ts'ebetso ea ho lelefatsa bophelo ba lijo' me mahloriso neural nyakallo le thibelo.

braking khetheng

A re hlahlobeng ka ho qaqileng mefuta e mengata ya braking ka CNS le haholo-ka sebōpeho sa hore ke ntho ea tlhaho ho liphoofolo le batho. poleloana e reng e ne e sisintsweng ke Ivan Pavlov. Rasaense ba ne ba lumela sena ke e 'ngoe ea tlhaho ea thepa ea tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo le ho khetholloa tse peli tsa mofuta oa eona: ea shoang le ka ho sa feleng. A re tšohleng bona ka ho qaqileng le ho feta.

Nahana ka cortex ea ho nyakallo leifo, chelete linaoa ho setho sa ho sebetsa (mesifa, tšoelesa secretory lisele tse). Ka lebaka la maemo a fetohang a tikoloho ya Link kapa ka hare ho hlaha karolo e 'ngoe thabile ya cortex bokong. Ho etsa chelete e ka matshwao a medumo bioelectrical ya matla e khōloanyane e thibela nyakallo ea pele e neng e le mafolofolo setsi methapo ea kutlo le selikalikoe reflex. Shoa thibelo ka CNS fella ka hore le matla a orienting reflex butle-butle decreases. Tlhaloso ena e kenyeletsa ho hlasimollang mathomo ha bakela nyakallo mosebetsing oa ho receptors afferent neuron.

mofuta o mong oa thibelo hlokometse ka batho le liphoofolo ka bobeli, o bontša teko e entsoeng ke Khau ea Nobel ka 1904. I. P. Pavlovym. Nakong ea lintja fepa (fistula tswang marameng) experimenters kenyelleditswe bipi bohale - mathe ho tswa fistula felile. Joalo thibelo pono rasaense bitsoa e sa tloaelehang.

E le thepa e sa tlholeho, thibelo ea tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng phallang ka unconditioned reflex mochine. Ho ena le hoo etseng letho 'me ha a etsa hore phallo ea chelete e khōlō ea matla, ea isang ho le cessation ea reflexes masusu. Kamehla braking khetheng tsamaea mafu tse ngata psychosomatic: psoriasis, spastic le flaccid shoele litho.

Ho fading Brake

Tsoele pele ho ithuta le mekgwa ya thibelo ea tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng, nahana ka seo ke o mong oa mefuta e tsa lona, ba bitselitsoeng Brake fading. Hoa tsebahala hore orienting reflex e-ba le karabelo ea 'mele ea ho tshusumetso ya pontšo e ncha linaheng tse ling. Tabeng ena, ka kgolofalo setsi cortex methapo ea kutlo e thehoa ka boemong ba nyakallo. O e bopa e selikalikoe reflex hore ke eena ea ikarabellang karabo ea 'mele ea' me a bitsa ho orienting reflex. Sena se ketso reflex etsa hore thibelo ea reflex masusu se etsahalang ka nako eo. Ka mor'a ho pheta-pheta refillable extraneous susumetsa ba reflex, e bitsoang e bontsha gore butle-butle decreases 'me qetellong disappears. Ho joalo, ha ho bakela thibelo e khōloanyane ea ho reflex masusu. Joalo pontšo e e fumaneng 'me lebitso la mariki fading.

Kahoo, thibelo Link tsa reflexes masusu ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea pontšo 'mele tsoang linaheng tse ling ke thepa tlhaho ea e bohareng le e oona tsamaisong pheriferale tšohile. Tšohanyetso kapa o motjha susumetsang, tse kang bohloko boikutlo, hoa utloahala ho makatsa, ho fetoha ha khanya, e seng feela e etsa hore orienting reflex, empa e boetse e thusa ho fokolisang kapa esita le ka ho feletseng cessation ea masusu reflex selikalikoe, e hona joale a sebetsang. Ha pontšo Link (tse ling tse ho feta bohloko) o sebetsang ho pheta-pheta, thibelo ea reflex masusu bonahala nyenyane. Karolo e phethoang ke likokoana-hloko tsa thulaganyou e methapo ea kutlo unconstrained foromo e na le ho phetha e le karabelo ea 'mele ea ho hlasimollang le, ke bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ka nako eo.

thibelo hare

lebitso la hae le leng o ile a sebelisa ka physiology ya godimo tšohile mosebetsi - masusu thibelo. The lisengisi ya yambo mpenza ka sehloohong bakeng sa ho hlaha ha tshebetso ena - lebaka la ho hloka matšoao matlafatso tsoang lefatšeng ka ntle, tlhaho reflexes: tshilong ya dijo, mathe. E hlahile ka tlas'a tsena maemo braking CNS dithulaganyo hloka e itseng nako karohano. Nahana ka maikutlo a bona ka ho qaqileng le ho feta.

Ka mohlala, differential thibelo le hlaha ka lebaka la matšoao a tikoloho, coinciding ka molumo, matla le matla a ho hlasimollang masusu. mofuta ona oa sebelisana pakeng tsa tsamaiso ea methapo le linaha tse ling a lumeletse 'meleng ho ea khabeloa feta khetholla pakeng tsa susumetsa ba bang le ho itšehla ba ho tswa ho bothe ea hore e ntsetsoang tlhaho reflex. Ka mohlala, ho utloahala molumo oa mohoo o le lebotho la 15 Hz, tshehetswa ke sejelo le lijo, ntja qapa masusu mathe karabo. Ha phoofolo ho sebelisa molumo oo e mong, le matla a 25 Hz, ha eketsa ka lijo, ka letoto la lihlooho tse la pele la liteko, ntja ea fistula mathe tla ho abelwa ka bobeli hlasimollang masusu. Ka mor'a nako e itseng ea thato ea phoofolo khethollo ea ba ka matshwao a medumo tsena, 'me ka matla a molumo oa 25 Hz tswa mathe fistula o khaotsa ho ba ema ka ntle, e le hore e, ho ntshetsa pele phapang thibelo.

Lokolla boko tloha boitsebiso boo e lahlehileng ea bohlokoa phetha karolo ea bohlokoa bakeng sa 'mele - mosebetsi ona ke sona etsa braking ka tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng. Physiology empirically bontšitse hore ho masusu dilenaneo itšoara joang, hantle emisa be le litsebo tse, ka phehella ho pholletsa le bophelo ba motho, e kang ho-skating, cyclisme.

Akaretsa, re ka bolela hore le thulaganyo inhibitory ka tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng - e fokolisang kapa cessation a itšoare itseng ea phelang. Ke ba bohlokoa haholo, e le reflexes ea 'mele ea tsohle khalemeloa ho latela mantsoe a fetotsoeng,' me haeba masusu pontšo e lahlehileng boleng lona, esita le ka ho feletseng e ka fela. Mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea deceleration ka CNS ke motheo ho bokhoni ba joalo batho kelello ka polokesegong ho intša, kgethollo susumetsa ba lebeletse.

The lieha ponahalo ea tsamaiso e tšohile

Empirically mong ka bopa boemo ba leo ho lona e le karabelo ea 'mele ea ho pontšo masusu tloha tikolohong Link ho bontšoa pele kgahlamelo ya maqhubu a ho ea hlasimollang unconditioned, tse kang lijo. Ke eketsa nako karohano pakeng tsa ho qala ha kgahlamelo ya maqhubu a ea pontšo masusu (leseli, e phetseng hantle, mohlala, metronome) le motsotso ya matlafatso ho metsotso e meraro ka holimo mathe masusu susumetsa ba bang ka ho eketsehileng lieha le le hlaha feela ha pele a phoofolo a bonahala abelang le lijo. ka karabelo Lagging ho pontšo masusu ke e bontsha gore go ya thibelo ya dithulaganyo CNS bitsoa lieha maikutlo a, moo ho lumellanang le phallo nako eo ba lieha karohano ea hlasimollang unconditioned, tse kang lijo.

Boleng ba thibelo a CNS

'Mele oa motho e, ka tsela ea tšoantšetso ho bua, ke "ka mahlong a" palo e khōlō ea lintlha Link le ka hare hlokomela tikoloho eo e tlameha ho etsa joang le ho theha plurality ba ke lipontso. Bona litsi methapo ea kutlo le arcs di thehoa boko le lesapong la mokokotlo. tsamaiso ea methapo overload e khōlō palo ya litsi thabile ka cortex bokong nang le tšusumetso e mpe bophelong ba kelello, empa hape ho fokotsa bokgoni lona.

makalana likokoana-hloko tsa boitšoaro ba batho

Bobeli mefuta ea methapo mosebetsi dinama tse nyenyane tse, e le nyakallo le thibelo ka CNS, ke ka lebaka la mosebetsi phahame tšohile. Ao bo a bakang mekgwa fisioloji la mosebetsi oa kelello ea motho. Thuto ea tšebetso e phahameng ea methapo e ile rerileng I. P. Pavlovym. A tlhaloso ea kajeno ea ho bala ka tsela e latelang:

• Nyakallo le thibelo ea tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng, li etsahala ka kopanelo, fana dithulaganyo rarahaneng kelello: memori, ho nahana, ho bua, ka ilibana, le ho theha rarahaneng batho likarabo boitshwaro.

Ho etsa saense e thehiloeng Mokhoa oa ho ithuta, mosebetsi, boikhathollo, ho bo-rasaense ba sebelisa tsebo ea melao ea mosebetsi e phahameng ea methapo.

Se boleloang ke likokoana-hloko tsa joalo e sebetsang thulaganyou e methapo ea kutlo e le thibelo ka ho ikemisetsa tjena. Ho fetola maemo a tikoloho Link le ka hare (ho ba sieo ha masusu matlafatso pontšo tlhaho reflex) akarelletsa liphetoho lekaneng mekgwa etsehang ka 'mele oa motho. Ka lebaka leo, e fumanweng reflex ketso thibang (theoha) kapa ka ho feletseng disappears ha e ntse e fetoha sebetseng bakeng sa phelang.

toro ke eng?

I. P. Pavlov mesebetsing ea hae e ile ea experimentally 'nete ea hore le thulaganyo ya thibelo tsamaisong ea bohareng tšohile' me boroko ba na le mofuta o tšoanang. Nakong ea falimehe tsa 'mele ka semelo sa mosebetsi ka kakaretso ya cortex bokong ntse e fumanoa ba bang ba libaka tsa lona koaheloa ke braking hare. Nakong ea ho robala, ho hlahang holim eohle ea hemispheres bokong, e fihla dibopeho subcortical: thalamus (thalamus), hypothalamus, sebopeho reticular le tsamaiso limbic. E le ile a bolela ka ho sa neuroscientist ba hlaheletseng P. K. Anohin, kaofela ha likarolo tsena tsa tsamaiso ea bohareng methapo le boikarabelo ba ho Makala boitshwaro, maikutlo le tlhaho, ka nako ya ho robala fokotsa mosebetsi oa tsona. Sena se akarelletsa ka ho fokotseha ha moloko oa litakatso tsa methapo ea kutlo e tsoang tlas'a sekoahelo. Kahoo, Tshebediso ya ya cortex ea e fokotsehile. Sena se nolofalletsa ba bang kaofela le ho hlaphoheloa metabolism ka neurocytes ea boko le ho pholletsa le 'mele ka kakaretso.

Liteko tsa bo-rasaense ba bang (Hess pholosang) mehahong di thehile lisele tse khethehileng methapo ea kutlo bao e leng batho bao e seng e itseng khenele thalamus. dithulaganyo nyakallo fumanoa ho tsona, a etsa hore tsa bohlokoa tse fokotsang ho biorhythms karolong e ka holimo e ka talingoa e le phetoho ea ho tloha pusong a sebetsang a (falimehile) ho robala. Lithuto tsa libakeng boko ka Silvio lipompo tsa metsi le III ventricle, susumelletsa bo-rasaense ba ho khopolo ea ho ba teng ha e le setsi sa ea molao oa tsamaiso ea ho robala. O anatomically amanang le libakeng tse sa boko le boikarabelo ba ho falimehe. Hlōla ena locus cortex ke ho sithabela kapa ka lebaka la mafu a lefa ho batho e etsa hore maemo a pathologic tsa lefu la ho hlobaela. Hape ela hloko taba ea hore molao oa tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho tshebetso braking ka robala etsoa litsi methapo ea kutlo diencephalon le nuclei subcortical: ho caudate, amygdala, terata le lenticular.