Sebopeho, Saense ea
The thepa lik'hemik'hale tsa alkynes. Sebopeho, ho lokisetsa, kopo
Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - ke manyolo lik'hemik'hale. Kaofela ha bona ba haha likarolo joalo lik'hemik'hale tse kang k'habone le haedrojene. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - tse metsoako, e leng ho matleng a sehlopha hydrocarbon.
A sehloohong sena a re tla sheba alkynes.
ha e le eng?
dintho tsena di boetse o bitsoa hydrocarbons acetylene. Sebōpeho sa alkyne ho fana ka ho ba teng ka limolek'hule tsa bona tsa haedrojene le k'habone liathomo. Akaretsang moralo o balletsweng acetylenic hydrocarbons joalo: C-n H 2n-2. The bonolo alkyne e bonolo - ethyne (acetylene). Ho na le mona k'hemik'hale moralo - C 2 H 2. E boetse e bua ho alkynes propyne tsa moralo C 3 N 4. Ho feta moo, ho acetylenic hydrocarbons ka kenyeletsa butyne (C 4 H 6), pentin (C 5 H 8) hexyne (C 6 H 10) heptyn (C 7 H 12), octyne (C 8 H 14), nonyne ( C 9 H 16) decyne (C 10 H 18), 'me joalo-joalo. d'. mefuta eohle ea alkynes bontša litšobotsi tse tšoanang. A re ke re hlahlobeng bona ka ho qaqileng.
The thepa meleng alkynes
Litšobotsi meleng hydrocarbons acetylene hopotsa alkenes.
Tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, alkynes, limolek'hule tsa tsona li na le ho tloha tse peli tse ho ba bane liathomo k'habone, ba le gaseous boemo aggregate. Limolek'hule tsa tsona ke tse hlano ho ea ho 16 se carbon liathomo, tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng ea mokelikeli. Ba neng ba le limolek'hule a lona a 17 kapa ho feta liathomo tsa elements lik'hemik'hale, - -butle.
Alkynes qhibiliha le pheha ka e mocheso e phahameng ho feta alkanes le alkenes.
Solubility ka metsi e seng oa bohlokoa, empa hanyenyane e phahameng ho feta ea alkenes le alkanes.
Solubility ka solvents manyolo e phahameng.
Ka ho fetisisa ho pharaletseng e sebediswa alkyne - acetylene - na le thepa e joalo 'meleng:
- Ho ea se nang 'mala;
- odorless;
- tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, e le boemong ba gaseous tsa aggregation;
- E na le segokanyipalo sa e ka tlaase ho feta moea;
- belang ntlha - ho tloswa likhato 83,6 Celsius;
The thepa lik'hemik'hale tsa alkynes
Ka dintho tsena, liathomo tse bonded tlamo e hararo, e hlalosang thepa tsa bona tsa mantlha. Alkynes itšoara mofuta ona:
- hydrogenation;
- gidrogalogenirovanie;
- halogenation;
- hydration;
- tukang.
A re ke re nka bona e le hore.
hydrogenation
The thepa lik'hemik'hale tsa alkynes ba lumella hore ba ho kopanela mofuta ona wa itšoara joang. mofuta ona wa ditshebeditsano lik'hemik'hale, moo ntho molek'hule khomarelang ho liathomo hydrogen eketsehileng. Mona ke mohlala oa joalo k'hemik'hale itšoara joang tabeng ea propyne:
2H 2 + C 3 H 4 = C 3 H 8
itsoara joang ka sena le hlaha ka mekhahlelo e 'meli. Ka pele propyne molek'hule khomarelang liathomo tse peli tsa hydrogen, 'me ea bobeli - ka tsela e lekanang.
halogenation
Sena ke ikutloa ka tsela e 'ngoe, e leng karolo ea thepa ea lik'hemik'hale ea alkynes. lebaka lona acetylenic hydrocarbon molek'hule khomarelang halogen liathomo. Ea bobeli e kenyeletsa thepa ea motheo tse kang chloro, ke bromo, iodo, joalo-joalo
Mona ke mohlala oa joalo ba ikutloa ka tsela tabeng ea ethinyl:
C 2 H 2 + 2SІ 2 = C 2 H 2 s² 4
Tsela e tšoanang ke hape ho ka khonehang ka hydrocarbons tse ling acetylenic.
Gidrogalogenirovanie
Ho boetse ho na le e 'ngoe ea liphetoho tse khōlō, e leng karolo ea thepa ea lik'hemik'hale ea alkynes. Ho itšetlehile ka 'nete ea hore ntho e ileng a itšoara ka metsoako kang NSІ, ni, HBr,' me ba bang. Sena itsoara joang ka lik'hemik'hale le hlaha ka mekhahlelo e 'meli. A re ke re sheba ba itšoara joang ea mofuta ona ka mohlala oa ethinyl:
C 2 H 2 + NSІ = C 2 H 3 s²
C 2 H 2 + s² NSІ = C 2 H 4 s² 2
hydration
Ena ke lik'hemik'hale itšoara joang hore ke kopane le metsi. E boetse e le hlaha ka mekhahlelo e 'meli. A re ke re sheba ka mohlala oa ethinyl:
H 2 O + C 2 H 2 = C 2 H 3 OH
ntho e tse thehoa ka mor'a ea pele sethaleng itsoara joang ka bitswang vinyl joala.
Ka lebaka la 'nete ea hore ho ea ka molao Eltekova OH tshebetso sehlopha a ke ke a ba le haufi le ho feta tlamahanong habeli, rearrangement ea liathomo, ka lebaka la tseo joala vinyl Ho thehoa acetaldehyde.
Tshebetso ya ho hydration itsoara joang ka boetse o bitsoa alkyne Kucherova.
bo tukang
Tsamaiso ena e sebelisana tsa alkynes le oksijene ka mocheso phahameng. Nahana ka bo tukang dintho tsa sehlopha sena le acetylene mohlala:
2C 2 H 2 + 2O 2 = 2H 2 O + CO 2 + 3C
Ha e feteletseng ea oksijene, acetylene, le alkynes tse ling chesa ka ntle ho sebopeho sa k'habone. Ka tsela eo abelwa feela carbon monoxide le metsi. Mona ke abel ea kamoo ba ileng sena ka mohlala propyne:
4O 2 + C 3 H 4 = 2H 2 O + 3SO 2
Tukang hydrocarbons tse ling acetylenic hape le hlaha ka tsela e tšoanang. Ka lebaka leo, metsi a lokolloa 'me carbon dioxide.
liphetoho tse ling
Hape acetylenes ba ka khona ho itšoara ka letsoai la tšepe tse kang silevera, koporo le k'halsiamo. Ka tsela eo ho na le tloswa ea liathomo haedrojene tšepe. Nahana ka mohlala ona ka lebaka la ba itšoara joang le acetylene le silevera nitrate:
C 2 H 2 + 2AgNO3 = Ag 2 C 2 + 2NH 4 NO 3 + 2H 2 O
thulaganyou e mong thahasellisang amang alkynes - Zelinsky itšoara joang. sebopeho sena sa benzene tloha acetylene ha ke halefile ho likhato tse 600 Celsius ka ho ba teng ha butswe k'habone. The abel tsa itšoara joang ena e ka bolela hore ka tsela e latelang:
3C 2 H 2 = C 6 H 6
molekyler tsa alkynes kamoo ho ka khonehang - tshebetso ya mokhatlo oa limolek'hule tse 'maloa tsa ntho e polymer ka.
baeti ba fihlelang
Alkyne itsoara joang ka hore re ile ra buisana ka hodimo, tse lokiselitsoeng ka laboratoring ea ka litsela tse ngata.
Pele - se dehydrohalogenation. Ho bonahala itsoara joang ka abel ka tsela eo:
C 2 H 4 BR 2 + 2KOH = C 2 H 2 + 2H 2 O + 2KBr
Bakeng sa ho phethahatsa sena ke ho futhumatsa e reactants, 'me eketsa ethanol e sethothetsi.
Hape ho na le monyetla oa ho alkynes tloha metsoako inorganic. Mona ke mohlala ona:
Gia 2 + H 2 O = C 2 H 2 + 2CA (OH) 2
The mokhoa tlang ho hlahisa alkyne - dehydrogenation. Mona ke mohlala oa joalo ba ikutloa ka tsela:
= 3H 2 CH 4 + 2 C 2 H 2
Le mofuta ona wa itšoara joang ka fumanoa ha feela ethyne, empa hydrocarbons tse ling acetylenic.
Tshebediso ya alkyne
Ka ho fetisisa ho pharaletseng a sebelisa ho indasteri e ne e le bonolo ka alkyne - ethyne. E ho pharaletseng sebediswa ho indasteri lik'hemik'hale le.
- Ho hlokahala acetylene kapa tse ling tse alkynes bakeng sa ho hlahisa e mong tse ling tse metsoako manyolo kang ketones, aldehydes, le solvents tse ling.
- Le eena a tsoang alkynes ka fumanoa dintho tse sebelisitsoeng ka tlhahisong ea rubbers, polyvinyl chloride le ba bang.
- From propyne ka fumanoa e le lebaka monohalogen acetone RAKTs Kucherova.
- Ho feta moo, acetylene le sebelisitsoe ka ba lokisetsa ho ea lik'hemik'hale tse kang acid e acetic, hydrocarbons nkhang hamonate, ethyl joala.
- More acetylene e sebelisoa e le mafura a le ka mocheso phahameng haholo sa combustion.
- Hape ethynyl combustion e itsoara joang e sebediswa bakeng sa ho tjheseletsa tšepe.
- Ho feta moo, ho sebelisa e acetylene ka ka lokisoa Technical k'habone.
- Hape, ntho ena e sebelisoa ka lihlopha koteleme-mong.
- Acetylene le hydrocarbons tse ling palo ea sehlopha sena li sebelisoa e le propellants ka lebaka la ho mocheso lona phahameng sa combustion.
Ka kopo ena alkynes fella.
bofello
E le karolong e qetellang ea tafoleng ke kakaretso ea thepa ea hydrocarbons acetylene le ho lokisetsa ba bona.
| Bolela liphetoho | litlhaloso | mohlala abel |
| halogenation | Ho phaella moo itsoara joang ka molek'hule ea acetylenic liathomo hydrocarbon halogen (bromine, a iodine litareng e, chloride le, joalo-joalo). | C 4 H 6 + 2I 2 = C 4 H 6 of Ke 2 |
| hydrogenation | Ho phaella moo itsoara joang ka tsa alkyne liathomo hydrogen molek'hule. E hlaha ka mekhahlelo e 'meli. | C 3 H 4 + H 2 = C 3 H 6 C 3 H 6 + H 2 = C 3 H 8 |
| Gidrogalogenirovanie | Ho phaella moo itsoara joang ka tsa acetylene molek'hule hydrocarbon gidrogalogenov (ni, NSІ, HBr). E hlaha ka mekhahlelo e 'meli. | C 2 H 2 + ni = C 2 H 3 of Ke C 2 H 3 + ni ba ke = C 2 H 4 Ke 2 |
| hydration | Liphetoho, e leng e thehiloe ho sebelisana ka metsi. E hlaha ka mekhahlelo e 'meli. | C 2 H 2 + H 2 O = C 2 H 3 OH C 2 H 3 OH = CH 3 -CHO |
| The ho kena moea ka ho feletseng (combustion e) | Atsetilenovgo itšoara hydrocarbon le oksijene ka e mocheso phahameng. Sena se hlahisa carbon monoxide le metsi. | 2C 2 H 5 + 5O 2 = 2H 2 O + 4CO 2 2C 2 H 2 + 2O 2 = H 2 O + CO 2 + 3C |
| Itšoare ka letsoai tšepe | Ho na le ka 'nete ea hore liathomo tsa tšepe tse ka go engwa legatong le liathomo tse limolek'hule tsa haedrojene hydrocarbons acetylenic. | C 2 H 2 + AgNO3 = C 2 Ag 2 + 2NH 4 NO 3 + 2H 2 O |
Fumana alkynes e ka ba ka laboratoring ea ho sebelisa mekhoa e meraro:
- metsoako inorganic;
- ke dehydrogenation tsa metsoako manyolo;
- dehydrohalogenation mokhoa oa dintho manyolo.
Kahoo re ile ra sheba litšobotsi tsohle 'meleng le lik'hemik'hale tsa alkyne e, mekhoa ea bona ea ho lokisetsa, dikopo ho indasteri e.
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