The mefuta e sa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa lisele tsa microorganisms

Ho ea ka khopolo ea kajeno seleng, ba ka sehloohong mehaho le tshebetso ya ka yuniti ya dintho tse ahileng Earth phelang, ke seleng. Ho e rarahaneng ho intša ho hlophisa bulehileng le nonneng biosystem. Sebopeho le mosebetsi oa thuto ea seleng ea cytology le maekoroboiloji. Ea bobeli o nahana ka ho specifics ea mosebetsi oa bohlokoa oa ho libaktheria tse phelang prokaryotic. Sehlooho sena se tla hlahloba mefuta ea mokhatlo oa lisele: masoha le ba phelang multicellular, liforomo bokolone, hammoho le litšobotsi tsa sebōpeho sa lisele tse prokaryotic le eukaryotic.

Maemo ea mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa ba phelang taba

Thutong ea baeloji khetholla 6 maemo a bophelo mokgatlo: limolek'hule, lisele, organismal, palo ea baahi-mefuta e, biogeocenotic le Biosphere. Nahana ka boemo ba ka lisele tsa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng, e leng hlaha ka lisele liphetoho metaboliki (metabolism le matla a), le ho ikatisa e tiisa. Motheong oa tshebetso ena ke ho fetiswa ha litšobotsi tse liphatsa tsa lefutso (liphatsa tsa lefutso) ho tloha ho motsoali liseleng morali.

Kahoo, lintho tse phelang le 'ngoe-e nang le sele ke e le hantle, ka ho feletseng botšepehi ba le boipuso tsa batho ka bomong, le tsoanang ka sebopeho mosebetsi le litho tsa ka hare le dinama tse nyenyane. More mefuta e rarahaneng ea mokhatlo oa lisele - ka ea bokolone le lintho multicellular. Ka ho khetheha, nahana ka mohlala oa volvox liforomo bokolone. Ho na le mefuta e fapaneng seleng ea: vegetative le ho ikatisa, le hoja a hlomelang a manyenyane amanang cytoplasm le mong ho e mong, empa o sebetse haholo autonomously. Likolone tsa tala dimelametsing Volvox - mohlala o hlakileng ea ho iphetola ha lintho ea taba e phelang ho tswa unicellular ho phelang multicellular hore na le sebopeho rarahaneng ka ho fetisisa. lisele tse tsena li kopanngoa ka dinama tse nyenyane tse 'me mofuta o makala a sebetsa mesebetsi e fapa-fapaneng.

Boemo lisele ea mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng ea lintho tse joalo fetoloa mehaho e khethehileng - tsamaiso ea (ho hema, tshilong ya dijo, excretory, joalo-joalo) Kahoo, multicellular phelang e sebetsa e le indivisible kaofela, 'me lisele tse di unit trust lona mehaho.

Features tsa lintho tse phelang prokaryotic

Lisele tse haelloa qapa konokono, le lefa lintho tse bonahalang - DNA - ba teng ka ho toba ka cytoplasm ho feta le letso-letso lera bitsoa prokaryotic.

The mefuta e sa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa lisele, eo li thehiloe pontšo ea ho ba teng kapa ho ba sieo ha khubung ea - e prokaryotes le eukaryotes. Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, batho bao e seng tsa nyutlelie lisele tse: libaktheria le cyanobacteria, ba le sebopeho sa e itseng, tse amanang le ho peculiarities ya metabolism. Mona ba: ho ba sieo ha organelles seleng e kang mitochondria, Golgi sethusathuto, lysosomes, vacuoles, setsi seleng, la endoplasmic reticulum. Ho na le ribosome synthesizing protheine baktheria, vacuoles seoelo khase (idioadaptation ho ea phela 'mele metsi kapa ba mobu le metsi). Ba bang ba liforomo na organelles ya tshisinyo - flagella.

Ho eketseha ho rarahana ya sebopeho le mosebetsi wa eukaryotic

Cytology, tsoele pele ho ithuta ka mefuta e mengata ea mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa lisele, a fumana hore lisele nucleated e rarahane haholo organelles tsamaiso eo etsa bonnete ba metabolism bona e ngata le matla. Ka lebaka la mosebetsi oa hokahangoa tsa organelles, tikoloho bona hare e tšoauoa ka sebopeho sa khaotseng le thepa - ho thoeng homeostasis lisele.

Eukaryotes, tse akarelletsang lisele tse fungal, limela, liphoofolo le batho, li na le khubu, endoplasmic reticulum, sethusathuto Golgi, mitochondria, ribosomes, setsi seleng, lysosomes, vacuoles le plastids. Ka eukaryotes, haholo-holo tse rarahaneng moo ke tshebetso ya karohano seleng. E tsamaea le ho thehoa ha tsamaiso e lohle, e bitsoang karohano leakage radiation.

Ho se tšoane ka metabolism prokaryote le eukaryote

Bapisa le mefuta ea mokhatlo oa prokaryotic le eukaryotic lisele, re fumana hore ba na le bobeli ho tšoana le ho se tšoane ho lekaneng tebileng. Mohlala, tshebetso ya ho ho kena moea oa metsoako manyolo ke oksijene ananelang lisele tse ea libaktheria le lintho tsa nyutlelie isang liphello tse tšoanang: ho petsoha tsoekere ho carbon dioxide le metsi le lokolla matla a sebōpeho sa likarolo tse ling tsa tsa maiketsetso ATP limolek'hule.

ntho ena ke tenyetseha mohloli oa matla bakeng sa lintho tse phelang tseo e seng tsa libetsa tsa nyutlelie le eukaryotes. Ho se tšoane respiration lisele fumana, ho hlahloba sebopeho, e leng o phethahatsa sena. Ka tse phelang tsa nyutlelie e le hlaha ka cristae mitochondrial ke tsamaiso e enzymatic - the Krebs potoloho, 'me ho etsoa baktheria ka lemenong la lera cytoplasmic, eo ho eona ba sebakeng enzyme.

The mefuta e sa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa lisele tsa microorganisms

Maekoroboiloji ithuta libaktheria le cyanobacteria, e leng lintho tse prokaryotic. Libaktheria li khetholloa ka sebopeho bona 'me ba ngollana mabitso: cocci (ka mokgwa wa libolo tse nyenyane le' ngoe), vibrio (ho ba le mofuta o mong oa phegelwana), staphylococci (tšoanang e tetemang ea morara). cyanobacteria tse kang Nostoc, Anaba emela anuclear lisele tse nang le sele e leboteng mucosa, ba fapana libaktheria hore na ka mebala photosynthetic ba chromatophores.

mehlala tsohle ka holimo li bontša hore mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa lisele ka phelang fapaneng tse sa tšoaneng 'me ka lebaka la ho peculiarities ya sebopeho bona le tshebetsong.