Ke eng e organelle? Sebopeho le mosebetsi wa organelles. Organelles ea sele semela. Organelles ea lisele phoofolo

Cell - ke boemo ba mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa taba, ho phela le ikemetseng tsamaiso e khopo tsa likokoana-hloko, e leng o na le litšobotsi tse motheo oa lintho tsohle tse phelang. Ka mohlala, e ka ba le, atisa, susumelletsa, ho ikamahanya le phetoho. Ho phaella moo, leha e le ntho ea tlhaho le ka liseleng metabolism, mohaho itseng, le mehaho e ntaela le mesebetsi.

Saense tse sebetsanang le ho ithuta ea lisele - ke cytology. tsekisanwang ka lona ke mehaho unit trust ea liphoofolo multicellular le dimela, tse phelang le 'ngoe-e nang le sele - libaktheria, protozoa le dimelametsing, e bopilweng ka seleng e le' ngoe.

Ha re bua ka mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng kakaretso ya diyuniti mehaho ea lintho tse phelang, li bopilwe ka lera le khubu le nucleolus ena. Hape, ba ile ba ba le organelles tsa cytoplasm seleng. Ho fihlela joale, mefuta e fapaneng ya mekhoa haholo ntshetswa pele ho etsa lipatlisiso, empa sebaka isang e lula microscopy, eo dumella hore e mong ho ithuta sebōpeho sa lisele tse le ho e hlahloba lona likarolo tsa motheo mehaho.

ke eng e organelle?

Organelles (ba ba bitsoa organelles) - ho sa feleng constituent metsoako ea lisele tse leha e le efe ho etsa hore e feletseng le ho phetha mesebetsi e itseng. Sebopeho sena, tseo ke tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka mosebetsi oa eona.

Ke organelles kenyeletsa motheo, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum le sethusathuto Golgi, vacuoles le vesicles, mitochondria, ribosomes, 'me setsi sa li-cell (centrosome). Mona hape e kenyeletsa dibopeho hore theha sele cytoskeleton (microfilaments le microtubules) melanosomes. Hape re lokela ho totobatsa organelle sisinyehang. Ho cilia, flagella le pseudopodia myofibrils.

dibopeho tsena tsohle li tla ama le fana ka mosebetsi hokahangoa ea lisele. Ke ka lebaka leo ka potso ena: "Ke ntho efe ea organelle" - ka araba hore ke karolo e ka ile ba bapisa ho 'mele oa ka multicellular phelang.

tlhophiso organelles

lisele tsa fapana ka boholo le ka sebopeho, hammoho le mesebetsi ya bona, empa ba ka tsela e tšoanang sebopeho lik'hemik'hale le molao-motheo oa mokhatlo oa hae o se nang balekane. Potso ea hore na ke eng le ke organelle sebopeho, puisano lekaneng. Mohlala, lysosomes kapa vacuoles ka linako tse ling a bua ka organelles ka lisele.

Ha re bua ka tlhophiso ea lisele tsa dikarolo tsena, tse ka thōko batho bao e seng lera le lera organelles. Bao e seng lera - e le setsi se sele le ho ribosome. Organelle mokhatlo oa (microtubules le microfilaments) ba boetse ba tingoa lera la.

Motheong sebōpeho sa organelles membranous larileng ka ba teng ha lera la likokoana-hloko. Odnomebrannye dvumembrannye organelles le ba tlotsitsoeng ka sebopeho junifomo, eo e na le mokato a mabeli phospholipids le limolek'hule tsa protheine. Ho arola cytoplasm tloha tikolohong ka ntle, ho thusa ho boloka sebopeho seleng. Ke habohlokoa ho hopola hore ka lisele tse dimela ho phaella ho lera ho ntse ho na le le ntle selulose kenapa, e leng o bitsoa leboteng ka seleng. Ho etsa mosebetsi o tšehetsa.

Ke lera organelles kenyeletsa EPS, lysosomes le mitochondria le plastids le lysosomes. lera la bona ka fapana feela sete ya liprotheine.

Ha re bua ka bokhoni tshebetso ya organelles, ba bang ba bona ba khona ho synthesize dintho tse itseng. Kahoo, tswakana tsa organelles bohlokoa - mitochondria, e hlahisa ATP. plastids Ribosomes (chloroplasts) le kaba endoplasmic reticulum le boikarabelo ba ho tswakana protheine, boreleli EBL - bakeng sa tswakana tsa lipids le lik'habohaedreite.

Sebopeho le mosebetsi wa organelles ka ho qaqileng le ho feta.

liboto

organelle ena ke ea bohlokoa haholo, hobane ha e se e tlosoa lisele tsa emisa ho sebetsa 'me a shoe.

Motheo e na le lera habeli, e leng o na le e plurality ea pores. Ka 'ona e amahanngoa haufi-ufi le reticulum endoplasmic le cytoplasm. organelle ena kenyelletsa ditokiseletso chromatin - chromosomes tse rarahaneng liprotheine le DNA. Le a nahanne ka sena, re ka bolela hore ho ke ke ea mantlha ea organelle hore ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa ho pholosa chelete motheo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e.

Karolo e mokelikeli oa khenele le bitsoang karyoplasm. E na le mehaho e ea mantlha ea lihlahisoa tsa bophelo. The densest sebakeng - nucleolus, eo Houses liprotheine rarahaneng le RNA ho ribosome, hammoho le potassium phosphate, magnesium, zinki, tšepe le k'halsiamo. Nucleolus disappears pele karohano seleng ea , 'me thehoa hape ka mekhahlelo ea ho qetela ea tshebetso.

Endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum)

EPS - odnomembranny organelle. Ho nka halofo ea bophahamo ba modumo sele le bopilwe ka tubular le litanka, tse amanang hammoho, hammoho e le lera cytoplasmic le khetla ka ntle la khubung ea. The lera la organelle ena o na le mohaho o tšoanang le plazmalema ena. sebopeho sena se o kopantswe le ha e bula ka cytoplasm ena.

Endoplasmic reticulum e boreleli le granular (kaba). Ka khetla ka hare tsa granular EPM behoa ribosome moo protheine tswakana e bang teng. Holim 'a boreleli endoplasmic ribosomes reticulum ke le sieo, empa mona tsoela ho tswakana la lik'habohaedreite le mafura.

dintho tsohle tse thehoa ka reticulum endoplasmic, ba isoa ke tsamaiso ea tubules le ducts ho celow podrozy moo bokeletseng le o ile a sebelisa ka dithulaganyo tse fapa-fapaneng skeletal.

Fuoa bokhoni ba synthesizing EPS gritty reticulum sebakeng lisele tse bao e ka sehloohong mosebetsi - sebopeho sa liprotheine le boreleli - ka lisele tsa tsona li synthesizing lik'habohaedreite le mafura. Ho phaella moo, reticulum boreleli ipokellela ions k'halsiamo tse hlokahalang bakeng sa tshebetso e tloaelehileng ea lisele, kapa kaofela phelang.

Ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore EPS ke sebaka sa sebopeho sa sethusathuto le Golgi.

Lysosomes, le mesebetsi ea bona

Lysosomes - ke organelles lisele tse hlahisoang pouches odnomembrannymi le lekaneng le hydrolytic tshilong ya dijo enzyme (proteases, lipases le nucleases). Bakeng sa dikahare bath tikoloho ya asiti ea lysosomes. Lera la lihlopha ya data itšehla bona ho tloha cytoplasm e, ho thibela ka ho timetsoa ha metsoako e meng mehaho ea lisele. Ha ba lokolloa, potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale lysosome ka cytoplasm ea sele intša felisoeng ha le hlaha - autolysis.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore enzyme haholo-holo tsa maiketsetso ka kaba endoplasmic reticulum, 'me joale ile a fallela sethusathuto le Golgi. Mona di fetotsoeng, tsa phutheloa ka vesicles lera le qala ho arohana 'me e be metsoako ikemetseng ea sele - lysosomes, tse sa mathomo le se mahareng.

Mathomo lysosomes - dibopeho tse aroloa ho sethusathuto le Golgi, le mahareng (tshilong ya dijo vacuoles) - tseo tse thehoa ka lebaka la ho logan ea lysosomes mathomo le vacuoles endocytotic.

Ba fane ka sebopeho joalo le mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng ka tseba hore na mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa lysosomes:

• tshilo ya dijo ea dintho e fapaneng ka hare ho sele;
• ho timetsoa ha mehaho e lisele tse sa ho hlokahala;
• kenya letsoho kopanngoa ha makala tsa dithulaganyo seleng ea ka.

vacuoles

Vacuoles - odnomembrannye organelle ena sebopeho chitja, e leng matamo metsi le qhibiliha ho eona metsoako manyolo le inorganic. Ka sebopeho sa dibopeho tse ya data amehang Golgi sethusathuto le EPS.

The vacuoles seleng ea phoofolo hanyenyane. Ba banyenyane le ba lula se fetang 5% ea molumo. karolo ea bona ea ka sehloohong - ho fana ka dintho tsamaisa ho pholletsa le seleng.

Vacuoles ea lisele dimela e le khōlō le ho nka ho fihlela ho 90% ya molumo. Ka seleng ea hōlileng tsebong na vacuole le 'ngoe feela, e leng ae phethang boemong bo bohareng. lera lona o bitsoa tonoplast le dikahare - seleng ea amohang. Mesebetsi e ka sehloohong ea semela vacuoles - ho fana ka lera seleng ea gagamalo, bokella metsoako e sa tšoaneng 'me lisele tse senya. Ho feta moo, bana ba organelles dimela seleng e fana ka metsi a hlokahalang bakeng sa tshebetso e tala.

Ha re bua ka ho hlophisoa ha amohang seleng, ka nako eo e akarelletsa lintho tse latelang:

• Phetolo - acid manyolo, lik'habohaedreite le lihaha-'mele, itseng amino acid e;
• metsoako tse thehoa ka nako ya mosebetsi seleng e le bokeletseng ho eona (alkaloids, phenols le tannins);
• ho hloka botsitso 'me semela-hormone;
• ka mebala, eo ka yona litholoana, metso le le mahlaku a penta ka mmala loketseng.

Golgi rarahaneng

Sebōpeho sa organelles bitsoa "Golgi sethusathuto" e bonolo. Liseleng dimela, ba hlaha ka thoko namane lera liseleng phoofolo ba emeloang ditanka, melatsoana le bubble. The mehaho unit trust tsa Golgi rarahaneng - e dictyosome, e leng e emeloa ke spongebob ya 4-6 "ditanka" le bubble nyane hore ba arohane le bona, 'me ke intracellular oona tsamaisong lipalangoang, le ka boela ba sebeletsa e le mohloli oa lysosomes. nomoro Dictyosomes ka Range ho tloha mong ho 'maloa lekholo.

Golgi rarahaneng, hangata haufi khubung ea. Liseleng phoofolo - ho elella bohareng ba seleng. Mesebetsi e ka sehloohong ea organelles tsena ke tse latelang:

• secretion le bokella lihaha-'mele, lipids le saccharides;
• phetolo ya metsoako manyolo kena Golgi rarahaneng;
• organelle Sena ke sebaka sa sebopeho sa lysosomes.

E a hlokomela hore EPS, lysosome, ho vacuole, sethusathuto golgi le hammoho theha tubular vacuolar-tsamaiso e arola ka seleng ka likarolo tse arohaneng le mesebetsi e lekanang. Ho phaella moo, tsamaiso ena e fana ka apdeiti ya kamehla lera la.

Mitochondria - lisele eneji, le dimela

Mitochondria - dvumembrannye molamu-joaloka organelles, chitja kapa filamentary foromo, eo synthesize ATP. Ba na le holim'a metsi ka ntle 'me e ka hare le boreleli lera le mameno a mangata, e bitsoang cristae. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore palo ea cristae tsa mitochondria e ka 'na ea fapana ho itšetlehile ka litlhoko tsa matla a sele. Ho ke lera le ka hare ho mehahong ngata potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale hore synthesize adenosine diphosphate. Mona matla la litlamo tsa lik'hemik'hale e fetoloa eneji, le e ngata le puisano e ATP. Ho feta moo, ka mitochondria ho fetisa bokaholimo ba matsoele ea acid tse mafura le lik'habohaedreite le ho lokolloa ha matla, e leng e bolokwa le sebelisoa ka le thulaganyo ya kgolo le go tlhama.

Ka hare ya data Laboraro organelles bitsoa popeho. Ho kenyelletsa ditokiseletso reng ea DNA le RNA, tse nyenyane ribosome. Ho thahasellisang ke hore mitochondria - the organelles seka-ikemetseng, hobane ba ne ba itšetlehile ka ea ka tšebetso ea sele, empa ka nako e tšoanang, ka lula le boipuso itseng. Kahoo, ba khona ho synthesize liprotheine bona le potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale, hammoho le ho ikatisa ka lithahasello tsa bona.

Ho lumeloa hore mitochondria hlahile ha lokolloa ka moamoheli seleng ea aerobiki phelang prokaryotic, ea isang ho sebopeho sa e itseng e rarahaneng phelisana. Kahoo, mitochondrial DNA e na le sebopeho tšoana le DNA ea libaktheria morao-rao le tswakana protheine ka mitochondria le ka libaktheria thibang ke lithibela-mafu e tšoanang.

Plastids - the organelles ea seleng dimela

Plastids le khōlō organelles lekana. Ba teng feela ka lisele tse ba lema 'me ba thehoa ho tswa precursors - proplastids na le DNA. organelles tsena li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho metabolism le a arohile ho cytoplasm ka le lera habeli. Ho phaella moo, ba ka 'na theha tsamaiso o ile a laela ba lera la ka hare.

Plastids ke tsa mefuta e meraro:

1. Chloroplasts - fetisisa plastids tse ngata ba na le boikarabelo tala oo metsoako manyolo li thehoa 'me a lokolle oksijene. dibopeho tsena ba le sebopeho rarahaneng le tse etsoang ka mechine ho cytoplasm nģ'a mohloding leseli. Ntho sehlooho tseo e fumanoa chloroplasts - chlorophyll, eo ka eona limela li ka e sebelisa matla a letsatsi. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore chloroplasts tse tšoanang le mitochondria dibopeho semiautonomous ba 'nile ba sitoa ho karohano le ikemetseng le tswakana liprotheine tsa lona.
2. Leucoplasts - plastids colorless, eo, tlas'a bohato oa leseli fetoloa chloroplasts. dikarolo seleng ea tsena di na le dipegelo enzyme. Le bona, tsoekere e sokoloha le bolokwa ka mokgwa wa granules starch. Ka limela tse ling plastids tsena ka ipokellela lipids kapa liprotheine ka mokgwa wa kristale le 'mele amorphous. Palo e khōlō ea leucoplasts concentrated lisele tsa litho tsa ka tlas'a lefatše ea limela.
3. Chromoplasts - derivatives tsa tse ling tse mefuta e 'meli ea plastids. Di thehoa carotenoids (ka ea timetsong ea chlorophyll), eo na le e khubelu, bosehla kapa lamunu. Chromoplasts - qetela sethaleng phetoho ya plastids. Boholo ba bona ba ka litholoana, le mahlaku a le makhasi a hoetla.

ribosomes

ke organelle bitsoa eng e ribosome? Ribosomes ba bitsoa batho bao e seng lera organelle, e bopilweng ka likhechana tse peli (tse nyenyane le tse kholo yuniti e nyane). bophara ba bona ke ba ka bang 20 NM. Li fumanoa ka lisele tsa mefuta eohle. Sena organelles oa phoofolo le limela lisele tse, libaktheria. dibopeho tsena di thehoa mantlha e, 'me joale fetisetsa ka cytoplasm moo a beha bo hlephileng kapa khomaretse EPS ena. Ho itšetlehile ka thepa ea synthesizing ribosome mosebetsi a le mong kapa ho kopantswe ka mehahong, eaba ba etsa polyribosomes. Tabeng ena, tsena bao e seng lera tlangwa organelles lenģosa RNA molek'hule.

ribosome A na 4 limolek'hule tsa leq-RNAs, e etsa hore le foreimi e, hammoho le liprotheine tse sa tšoaneng. The ntho e ka sehloohong ea organoid le - ho bokella le polypeptide ketane, e leng ho ba sethaleng sa pele sa tswakana protheine. Tseo le liprotheine tse hlahisoang ke ribosomes tsa reticulum endoplasmic, li ka sebelisoa ho pholletsa le 'mele. Liprotheine litlhoko tsa motho ka mong oa sele ba tsa maiketsetso ke ribosomes, tse teng cytoplasm ena. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore ribosomes ba boetse ba fumana ho mitochondria le plastids.

seleng ea cytoskeleton

Sele cytoskeleton thehoa microtubules le microfilaments. Microtubules ke cylindrical sebopeho 24 NM le bophara ba. bolelele bona ke 100 limilimithara-1 limilimithara. Metsoako e ka sehloohong - protheine e bitsoang tubulin. O sitoa ho konteraka le ka senngoa ke ketso ea colchicine. Microtubules ba sebakeng hyaloplasm le ho phetha mesebetsi e latelang:

• bopa tenyetsehang, empa ka nako e tšoanang, e le matla liseleng tse masapo, eo dumella hore a boloke sebopeho lona;
• nka karolo kabo ea chromosomes seleng ea;
• fana ka motsamao oa organelles;
• e ne e ena e bohareng seleng, hammoho le flagella le cilia.

Microfilaments - yarns behoa tlas'a le lera lero la mali le entsoe ka protheine actin kapa myosin. Ba ka fokotswa, ka lebaka la hore ho na le mokhatlo oa tsa cytoplasm le lera seleng ea protrusion. Ho phaella moo, dikarolo tsena di amehang sebopeho sa thekeng ho ea nakong ea karohano seleng.

setsi sa Cell (centrosome)

organelle ena e entsoe ka centrioles tse peli le tsentrosfery. Centriole cylindrical sebopeho. Marako a oona a ba thehoa ke microtubules tse tharo, e leng kopane le mong le e tse ling tse ka tsela crosslinks. lipara Centriole ba lokisetsa ho dikhutloteng nepahetseng mong ho e mong. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore dimela lisele tse e phahameng ha ba na organelles tsena.

Karolo e khōlō ea setsi seleng e - ho etsa bonnete ba esita le kabo ea chromosomes nakong karohano seleng. O e boetse e le setsi sa ea mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa cytoskeleton ena.

organelle mokhatlo oa

Ho phetha organelles motsamao oa cilia le flagella. Sena se sekame nyenyane ka mokgwa wa moriri. Flagellum 20 kenyelletsa ditokiseletso microtubules. motheo ea hae e teng ka cytoplasm ea 'me o bitsoa' mele basal. flagellum bolelele ke 100 limithara kapa ho feta. Flagella, tse microns 10-20 feela, e bitsoang cilia. Sliding microtubules tsa cilia le flagella kgona ho oscillate, a etsa hore motsamao oa sele. The cytoplasm ka 'na na le fibrils contractile, eo ba bitsoa myofibrils - e organelles lisele tse liphoofolo. Myofibrils atisa ho kenngoa ka liseleng mesifa - lisele tse mesifa, hammoho le ka lisele tsa pelo. Ba akarelletsa ho likhoele nyenyane (protofibrils).

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore myofibril mangata bopilwe faeba lefifi - ke anisotropic discs, hammoho le lintlha tse khōlō - ho isotropic disks. Mehaho ya ka yuniti ya myofibril e - sarcomere. karolo ena pakeng tsa anisotropic le tiske isotropic le nang actin le myosin linaleli. Ka lelemele sarcomere bona khutsufatsa etsahala, leng isang motsamao oa likhoele tsohle mesifa. Sena sebedisa matla ea ATP le k'halsiamo ions.

Ka thuso ea flagella protozoa le spermatozoa fallela liphoofolo. Cilia ke mekhatlo 'mele ciliate-lieta. Ka liphoofolo le batho ba koahela pneumatici Lufthansa le ho thusa ho tlosa taba e metle particulate kang lerōle. Ho phaella moo, ho na le pseudopodia eo fana amoeboid mokhatlo oa ba metsoako ea lintho tse phelang tse ngata unicellular le liphoofolo (mohlala, leukocytes) liseleng.

dimela ba bangata ba ka se tsamaisa ka sebaka. mekhatlo ea tsona e ka potlako ho, mekhatlo lekhasi le liphetoho tse ka cytoplasm phallo seleng.

bofello

Ho sa tsotellehe sa tšoaneng kaofela ea lisele, kaofela ba na le mohaho o tšoanang le mokhatlo. Sebopeho le mosebetsi wa organelles na thepa tsoanang, ho etsa bonnete ba tshebetso e tloaelehileng e le sele e le 'ngoe,' me bohle ba phelang.

re ka bontša hore tsa paterone ena latelang.

Tafole "organelles ea lisele eukaryotic,"

organelle	seleng ea dimela	zooblast	mesebetsi ea motheo
liboto	ke	ke	Boloka DNA, RNA mongwalollo le tswakana protheine
endoplasmic reticulum	ke	ke	tswakana ea lihaha-'mele, lipids le lik'habohaedreite, ho bokella ions k'halsiamo, Golgi rarahaneng sebopeho
mitochondria	ke	ke	ATP tswakana ipatlele enzyme le liprotheine
plastids	ke	ha ho na	seabo tala, ho bokella starch, lipids, lihaha-'mele, carotenoids
ribosome	ke	ke	ho bokella le ketane polypeptide (protheine tswakana)
microtubules le microfilaments	ke	ke	dumella sele ho lula re ena le sebopeho itseng ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea setsi seleng, cilia le flagella fana motsamao oa organelles
lysosomes	ke	ke	tshilo ya dijo ea dintho ka hare ka seleng, ho timetsa dibopeho tsa lona ho sa batleheng ameha ka kopanngoa ha makala ea lisele bakela autolysis
e khōlō e bohareng vacuole	ke	ha ho na	Ho fana ka ka seleng leboteng gagamalo bakoang ke limatlafatsi le lihlahisoa litšila seleng, ho hloka botsitso le ho phytohormones, hammoho le ka mebala, le metsi a pokello
Golgi rarahaneng	ke	ke	ntša le bakoang ke lihaha-'mele, lipids le lik'habohaedreite, modifies limatlafatsi kena ka seleng, ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa sebopeho sa lysosomes
cytocentrum	ho na le, ka ntle ho dimela e phahameng	ke	Ke setsi sa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa cytoskeleton e, e fana ka junifomo chromosome segregation nakong karohano seleng ea
myofibrils	ha ho na	ke	fana ka ho fokotseha ha dinama tse nyenyane tse mesifa

Ha liqeto, re ka bolela hore ho na le ho se tšoane nyenyane pakeng tsa lisele tse phoofolo le limela. Tabeng ena likarolo sebopeho le organelles (tafole a bontša ka holimo, e tiisa hore) o na le kakaretso mokhatlo oa molao-motheo. mesebetsi sele e le tsamaiso e hokahantsoeng le lotaganngwa. Tabeng ena, organelles mesebetsi ya bona e kokangana le ikemiseditse ho homolog tshebetso le ho lula ke le seleng solofetsa.