The liindasteri phetoho e khōlō. Features ya Phetohelo Industrial United States le Russia

The Industrial Phetohelo, le ileng la qala lilemong tsa bo-bo18 la lilemo morao Engelane le tla koahela hamorao ntshetswa pele e re (lekholong la bo19 la lilemo), ke Phetolo ya mochini pukwanana tlhahiso, ea fekthering ke fektheri. Pele litlelase tsa sechaba ke basebetsi le bourgeoisie. Motheong oa tlhahiso ea ba o ne a ena lifektheri, a hlomelloa ka mechine.

Phetoho e bileng teng liindastering e bile butle-butle. Ka halofo e qalang ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo ka mor'a phetoho e khōlō ea Chache e akaretsa United States. Joale, ho ile le phetohelo liindasteri Europe. Le karolong e ka bochabela ea phetohelo indasteri e-s'o fele.

Ho qaleha ha phetohelo liindasteri ameha indasteri leseli. Ebe qala mechine sekoahelo le liindasteri tse ling ho etsa thepa. nako ena e ne e tšoauoa ka qapiloeng theknoloji, tse kang lepolanka le, mochine o roka, le lipalangoang tse ncha (hloohoana le sekepe), e bolela oa puisano (-le-moea, Telegraph, mohala).

Ka halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo phetohelo liindasteri entered sethaleng o mocha oa ntlafatso. Nakong ena enjene ile a qapa ka enjene hare combustion e (ka hare combustion e enjene), keramafono (rekota molumo le ho ikatisa sethusathuto), ho fumanoa ha oli, indasteri lik'hemik'hale. Batho ba qala ho sebelisa mafolofolo motlakase.

The Industrial Phetohelo e ile ea etsahala maemo a molemo. Ba entse thuto US. Amohelehe joaloka le ho ohla lebili phetha molao hlaha Amerika ka 1789. Ka mor'a ho sebetsa emigrant tloha England Pleyter o ile a etsa kotokaka ea foreimi e etsang masela, ka mor'a selemo United States ba ile ba qala ho sebetsa pele ho hlahisoeng fektheri Textile. Qetellong ea lilemo tse mashome a mahlano, le tshebediso ya ea lifektheri k'hothone Amerika e ile ea eketseha ka makhetlo a fetang mashome a mabeli a metso e 'meli.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore mosebetsi o phahameng ka ho fetisisa ka kenyelletso ea dienjini mouoane ile a hlokomela ho tloha qalong ea ea forties ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo. Ena e ne e batlang e le morao kenyelletso ea metsi e bakileng keketseho enjene, ho bapisoa le mouoane, ho theko e tlaase.

Le ea bohlokoa haholo ka tsoelo-pele ea phetoho e khōlō liindasteri Amerika e ile ea fuoa kaho ea liporo. Ka nako ya ho tloha 1830 ho 1850 e ne e le tse fetang tse hlano-lesaka keketseho ea marangrang sa terene.

Kgolo ya indasteri meepo le metallurgical lefapha e se e amanang haholo le mechine ea ho tsamaisa. Kahoo, ka halofo e qalang ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, ho eketseha ha tlhahiso ea fariki tšepe ka makhetlo a 12, 'me e hlaha ka lehlakoreng le tlhahiso - tse seng kae tse sekete.

Phetoho e bileng teng liindastering o lumeletse United States ho hlahisa mechine ea habo eona. Mohlala, dimela kgolo bakeng sa tlhahiso ea dienjini mouoane ho ile ha hahoa e Pennsylvania, New York.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore le monehelo moholo ho ntshetsopele ya indasteri United States entse nang le tsusumetso ea boenjiniere (petsana, Singer, Morse). Naha ipha temo mechine, eo e ne e le ka lebaka la ho litlhoko eketseha ha polasing. Nakong ea '40s -' 50s Amerika, e babatsehang ho phetha molao feela threshers, seeders tsa bōptjoa, mowers le thepa e 'ngoe.

Ka lilemo tse mashome a mahlano, le naha United States e ile ea eketseha ka makhetlo a 4, le Lihlahisoa tiro 3.7. Leha ho le joalo, lilemong tsa bo-la bo19 lekholong la lilemo la ba le boemong bo etellang pele ka romeloang linaheng e ntse a hapa ke lihlahisoa tsa temo le lihlahisoa tse tala.

Ka liindasteri phetoho e khōlō ea Russia ka tshebetso e ne e uncoordinated paballo ya naha le a karolo lefapha la. Ena e ne e le hore na ke hobane'ng e ka ho lekaneng e telele, lilemo halofo ya phetoho ea naha ho tloha mosebetsi o boima pukwanana ho hlahisoeng ha km gana. Mechine o ile a qala ho indasteri e k'hothone ka thirties le qetella ho indasteri e tšepe ka eighties ena.

Ke nako ea bo felisoe ba serfdom, ho feta 60% ea tlhahiso ka lefapha la ho ea indasteri e lokisa ya hlahiswa basebetsi ntlhobolisa lifemeng ka.

Ka bohareng ba lekholo la bo19 la lilemo hoo e ka bang indasteri lekholo mochine e e thehiloe, empa indasteri e tsoela pele ho sebelisa ea mosebetsi o boima pukwanana.