The General Theory tsa Systems ea Ludwig av Bertalanffy le saense tse ling

Austria rasaense-setsebi sa baeloji, ea neng a lula Canada le United States, Ludwig av Bertalanffy, ka 1937, ka lekhetlo la pele beha pele a 'maloa a mehopolo, eo hamorao o ile a ho kopantswe ka kgopolo ya go e le' ngoe. O ile ae bitsa "Khopolo kakaretso ea litsamaiso." ha e le eng? Khopolo ena ho ithuta saense lintho tse fapa-fapaneng nkoa e le mokhoa oa.

Khopolo tsa motheo tsa khopolo eo e sisintsweng e ne e le hantle hore le melao e laolang tsamaiso ea lintho - se le seng, se tšoanang le ho litsamaiso fapaneng. Ho se nang leeme ho bolela hore khopolo ka sehloohong Bertalanffy ne a beha ke litsebi tse sa tšoaneng, ho akarelletsa le Aleksandrom Aleksandrovichem Bogdanovym, Russia rafilosofi, mongoli, ralipolotiki, ngaka, mosebetsing oa hae ea motheo "Tectology", tse ngotsoeng ke eena ka 1912. LH Bogdanov e kenya letsoho ka mafolofolo phetohelo, empa ka litsela tse ngata lumellane le VI Lenin. Mphalane phetohelo ne ke sa nka, empa, leha ho le joalo, a tsoela pele ho sebelisana le Bolsheviks, a ileng a hlophisa pele ho seo e ne e le ka nako eo Russia Institute ea Mali Transfusion 'me a apare teko ea tsa bongaka. O ile a hlokahala ka 1928. batho ba seng bakae tseba kajeno hore ka mathoasong a lekholo la mashome a mabeli Russia rasaense le physiologist VM BEKHTEREV tsotellehe LH Bogdanova, o ile a hlalosa ho feta 20 melao bokahohleng tšimong ea dithulaganyo kelello le ea sechaba.

tsamaiso ea kakaretso khopolo ithuta mefuta e fapaneng, tsamaiso ea, sebopeho, dithulaganyo, tshebetsong tsa bona le Khōlo, mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa dikarolo tsa maemo mehaho le hierarchical, le tse ling. Bertalanffy hape fuputswa seo ho thoeng ke tsamaiso ea bulehileng hore phapanyetsano ya mahala matla, taba le lesedi le tikoloho.

tsamaiso ea kakaretso khopolo jwale e batlisisa tsamaisong ena-lohle melao eo le melao-motheo, tse kang khopolo ea semiotic tswelopela, molao-motheo oa poeletsotlaleho, mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng tswelopela, tirisano, likamano tsa bona baa e tlatsetsang, molao oa ee tlhokegang tse fapa-fapaneng, hierarchical matšeliso molao-motheo monocentrism molao bonyane, molao oa bonyane ho hanyetsa a lekanyelitsoeng , Link phaella moo molao-motheo oa recursive dibopeho Theorem, molao le ho se tšoane tse ling.

Puso jwale saense mabapi le tsamaiso ea itseng ea kolotang Bertalanffy. tsamaiso ea kakaretso khopolo e tšoanang haholo hore ka lebaka la ho etsa lipatlisiso kapa mekgwa ya ho cybernetics - ea saense ea melao e akaretsang ea tshebetso ya taolo ya le fetisetsa boitsebiso ka tsamaiso ea fapaneng (phetha molao, likokoana-hloko kapa tsa sechaba); lesedi khopolo - ea lekala ea thuto ea lipalo e etsang qeto ea hore taba ea hore u fumane boitsebiso bo, melao ea sona le thepa; papali khopolo, hlahlobisisa ke thuto ea lipalo tlhōlisano e e 'meli e le bafe ho feta eo hanyetsang' ka hore a fumane phaello ea lebetsoeng le le tahlehelo bonyane; u etsa qeto ea ka khopolo eo, hlahloba liqeto kwalwang har'a mekhoa e meng e sa tšoaneng; Ntlha e analysis sebedisa tsamaiso ya ajwa lintlha ka liketsahalo le divariabole tse ngata.

Kajeno, ka kakaretso khopolo tsamaiso ea Hoo, o fuoa peleka e matla bakeng sa ntshetsopele lona ka synergy. Prigogine le Haken fuputsa tsamaiso ea nonequilibrium, mehaho e dissipative le tlhokeho ea melao ka mekgwa ya bulehileng. Ho phaella moo, thuto ea ho Bertalanffy abelwang karolo ya jwalo dirisega laea saense tse kang tsamaiso ea boenjiniere le - ea saense ea tsamaiso thero, moralo, sekasekale le moralo ea litsamaiso tsa mofuta o le "monna-mochine"; boenjiniere le kelello; tšimo khopolo ea boitšoaro Lewin; Tshebetso Research - ea saense ea likarolo taolo ea litsamaiso a moruo (batho, mechine, thepa, ditjhelete, joalo-joalo); SMD-mokgweng, e neng e ntshetswa pele ka GP Shchedrovitskii, metsoalle ea hae le liithuti; khopolo ea bohlokoa ba batho ba ikhethang W. Merlin, motheong oa se neng se haholo-holo ho nkoa ka holimo khopolo kakaretso ea litsamaiso Bertalanffy.