Russia steppe pokello: lethathamo

Lefatšeng la kajeno, hangata re lebala ka lintho tsa tlhaho tse e potolohileng, batla ho eketsehileng ho eona selemo le selemo. Hola motse, motorways ntjha hahoa, displacing bophelong ba rōna ea tlhaho le e ntle naha. Karolo e phethoang ke sa ho pholosa limela tsa tlhaho 'me liphoofolo li etsoa masimong a khethehileng - mehloli. Naheng ya rona, re a bōpa tse fetang lekholo libakeng tse sireletswa, mehloli sebopeho le Prairie Russia lula e le oa bohlokoa tsamaisong ena.

ke eng pokello e?

Reserve nahana karolo e itseng itseng haufi (kapa metsi a), ka hare e leng o bolokoa tsohle rarahaneng sa tlhaho ka foromo e feletseng le ea tlhaho.

Bo-rahistori ba lumela hore boiteko ba pele ba ho sireletsa tikoloho ba 'nile ba khutla ka III lekholong la lilemo la BC, Sri Lanka. E ne e ho na le hore e ile ea hatisoa ka lekhetlo la pele haholo le lefatseng la tsa molao tse tshireletso ya liphoofolo tse hlaha. Sebaka pele ka boemo ba paballo ea hlaha lilemong tsa bo-XIII ka Ifriqiya, ha lesika Hafsid thibelo tsoma sebakeng se haufi le e 'ngoe ea matša le.

From pono ea molao ea phetseng mehleng Russia, boemo Russia tsa tlhaho mehloli - tse khethehileng diinstitusene tsa saense ha thehoa ho boloka le ho ithuta le thulaganyo ea tlhaho le tsamaiso ea tlholeho.

Lipakane le Sepheo

All Russia o ile a sireletsa mehloli mofuta beha maphelong a bona maikemisetso tšoanang:

1. Pholosa letamo phatsa ea lefutso ea limela le liphoofolo.
2. Sa ho pholosa lintho tse phelang tikolohong tsa tlhaho botšepehi.
3. Ho boloka ho se tšoane ea limela le liphoofolo baahi.
4. Phethahatso ea lipatlisiso vivo.

lirapeng tsa boikhathollo All sechaba Russia, 'me e seng feela ka Russia, e hahiloeng ka molao-motheo e tšoanang. Ka sebopeho sa ba bona ba ka ho arotsoe likarolo tse tharo tsa sehlooho:

• Mpoloke ea mantlha;
• pafara (gos) libaka;
• o ile a sireletsa libaka (phetoho ea pakeng tsa pokello sebele le haufi libakeng tse sa sireletsehang).

Le mehloli e khōlō ea Russia le tse nyenyane ba le sebopeho joalo. libaka tsena tse tharo tse bath ya dibopeho tsa boemo bo fapaneng le boholo.

Histori ea mehloli Russia mofuta

Hoo e ka bang tsohle mehloli Russia, eo ke mabitso o tla fumana sehloohong sena, tsela e 'ngoe kapa e' ngoe, ho ba le histori e telele ea simolohile.

Pele libaka joalo ka Russia ho ile ha thehoa ka 1917. Ho Barguzinsky pokello ka Buryatia. Hamorao lenane la dibaka tse ba naha eo o ile a sireletsa e replenished feela. Joalo mehloli e khōlō ea Russia e le Astrakhan, Caucasus le Ilmensky ka boela ho ngotsoe ho e moholo. Kaofela ha bona ba hlaha ka 20s ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli. Empa e monyenyane a ka nkoa pokello "Utrish", eo e thehiloe ka 2010. Ho phaella moo, ka nako ea ho fihlela ho 2020 e rerile ho etsa ho boetse ho 11 libakeng tse ncha sireletsa ka Russia.

Mehloli ea Russia: lethathamo la mehloli steppe

E le ea 2014 ka Federation ea Russia ho na le 103 mehloli tlhaho. Kaofela ha bona ba lula sebakeng se kakaretso ea km lisekoere 340.000. Ena ke sebakeng seo e khōlō e ka bapisoa le sebakeng sa re European, tse kang Finland.

Ya palo ena, 11 mehloli mofuta ka ngotsoe ke steppe le. Re thathamisa mehloli tsena tsa Russia. List of filed ka tlase:

• Astrakhan,
• "Belogorye"
• Voroninsky,
• Voronezh,
• Tšoeu-naped,
• East-Ural,
• "Galichya Mountain"
• Orenburg,
• Rostov,
• "Volga steppe"
• "Black Earth".

mehloli All Russia, mabitso a tse ho tse thathamisitsoeng, ka abeloa ho ea Lekala la Lirafshoa le Tikoloho. Ba babeli ba bona - le East-Urals le "moroetsana Mountain" - ikamahantse le mekhatlo e meng.

Lipono tse makatsang tsa steppe Russia

Russia steppe - e ikhethang le o ikhethang ketsahalo ea tlhaho. Russia mehloli steppe, le joang bona tse hlaha le tangled silevera, masiba joang, tšoana moetse pere e.

Ho thahasellisang ke hore khopolo ea ho bōpa libakeng tse joalo o ile a sireletsa e simolohile ka steppe le. E ikhethang mobu rasaense le agronomist Vasily Dokuchaev ile a bua ka tlhoko ena e bile lilemo tse makholo tse fetileng. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho na pokello ha e le teng Russia ho libaka steppe ea ho fihlela ho 90-ogy. Pele e neng e le Orenburg steppe pokello, e leng ho ile ha hlophisoa ka etsa boikhathatso ba Alexander Alexandrovich Chibilova ka 1989.

Steppe pokello "Orenburg"

A hlaha ka May 1989, kajeno e koahela e leng sebaka sa hectars fetang 21 tse sekete.

Steppe pokello "Orenburgsky" le akarelletsa likarolong tse 'nè tse arohaneng:

• Talovskaya steppe
• Burtinskaya steppe
• Aytuarskaya steppe
• Aschisayskaya steppe (e kholo ka ho fetisisa naha sebakeng hectars 7,200).

Ka hare ho sebaka sena u ka bona, e seng feela ka angoang steppe. Ho na le boetse ho na le tse ngata liemahale ba lintho tse epolotsoeng lekholong la lilemo la VII-III BC. Sena se litutulu setso Sarmatian.

Boemo ba leholimo - omeletseng le e kontinenteng. Karolelano ea selemo le selemo mocheso ke likhato tse 2,5 centigrade, le pula karolelano ea selemo le selemo e negligibly tse nyenyane - ho tloha 250 ho ea ho 350 limilimithara. Ke tekanyo e oa wetting sebaka seo ka tsela e sireletsehileng ngotsoe ho seka-ea lehoatata.

Tsa pokello limela e fapa-fapaneng: ho na le 14 mefuta e meng ea li-fungus, mefuta e 150 ea boriba, 8 mefuta ea boriba le mefuta 1.350 ea limela vascular. Ha ho ka tlaase ho moo ba ruileng le ba liphoofolo tsa sebaka seo: 48 mefuta e meng ea liphoofolo tse anyesang, 193 mefuta e meng ea linonyana, mefuta e 6 ea litlhapi, mefuta e 526 ea bo-maleshoane le mefuta e 184 ea likho. tšimong eo e hapa boholo ba joang bo-sod steppe, ka matsoapo a maralla hape thehoa majoe steppe le ka letsoai le mobu - ea lehoatata mehahong le sechaba.

Ka pokello e ho na le tse ka bang peli dozen limela tse thathamisitsoeng ka Red Book ea Russia. Liphoofolo tse ngata Russia pokello "Orenburg" hape ke Red Book. Har'a bona steppe notši, lejoe nonyana curlew, Balaban, ntsu, steppe ntsu, bustard le stilt le European Beaver.

"Belogorye"

Russia mehloli steppe - ke letlotlo ba sebele ba naha ya rona. E mong ke pokello tlhaho "Belogorye" sebakeng Belgorod, eo khale 1924. Joale a bitsoang "Moru oa ho Vorskla River," 'me ka 1999 o ne a hlophisoa bocha ka tshireletso e ncha ea tšimo e tlasa lebitso la lona hona joale.

Ena sebakeng sireletsoa ke saense le tikoloho dibaka tsa thuto ea bohlokoa 'muso. morero oa sona - ho boloka le ho ithuta e qaqileng ea dithulaganyo tlhaho le liketsahalo tsa libaka morung-steppe, hammoho e le paballo ea mefuta motho le metseng ea limela, liphoofolo le lintho tse phelang tikolohong e ikhethang e ka boroa ea Central Russia Upland.

Naha ea tlhaho pokello "Belogorye" le akarelletsa likarolo tse hlano tse arohaneng, tseo ba sebakeng literekeng tse tharo tsa sebakeng seo. Ho Plots:

• Moru ka Vorskla,
• Izgorya leboteng,
• Lefatla Hills,
• Yamskaya steppe,
• Ostrasevy likhohlo.

Sebaka kakaretso ea "Belogoriya" ke hectars 2131.

Ka hare ho pokello ea, bo-rasaense ba na le mefuta e 149 e fapaneng ea linonyana, hammoho le ka 370 ya dimela vascular. Liphoofolo e tšoantšetsoang ke mefuta e 50 ea liphoofolo tse anyesang, mefuta e 15 ea litlhapi, mefuta e meng ea lihahabi, 6 le mefuta e 9 ea liphoofolo amphibious.

Reserve "Voroninsky"

mehloli kgolo Russia hohela palo e kholo ea bahahlauli le naturalists. E mong joalo Voroninsky pokello sebakeng libaka moru Tambov sebakeng. Ho ileng ba bōptjoa ka 1994 ho sireletsa tsamaiso ea moru steppe ea Central Russia. Sebaka palo yohle - hectars fetang 10,000, e pokello tlhaho e teng ka hare ho km 40 tsa lla Valley Nōka.

Sebopeho Voroninsky pokello e kenyeletsa lihlopha tse peli tse kholo - meru "Inzhavinskaya" le "Kirsanovsky" le tse leshome ho feta delineated sebakeng tse nyenyane.

Khopolo ea ho bōpa ena sebaka paballo sebakeng ruilweng ke VP mong Semenov Tian-Shanskii tsebahalang Russia jeokrafi. Mathoasong a lekholo la mashome a mabeli, o ile a ithaopela ho ho hlophisa mona ho thoeng "uromny Park" (uremia - e khethehileng moroallo-thoteng moru). Ho ithuta le ho tsosolosoa ha moru ena ke mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa pokello ea kajeno.

Leha ho le joalo, ba sebele bo sebetsang mosebetsi ka tsoelo-pele ea pokello kgopolo ya go ba ile ba qala feela ka morao 80 ogy ea XX lekholong la lilemo la. A monehelo moholo ho mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa pokello ea na Voroninsky litsebi Regional Museum le Tambov Pedagogical Institute.

Ho fihlela joale, pokello e ntshetswa pele litsela tsa bahahlauli tse tharo: ". Sireletsoa litsela" "Inzhavino-Barska Mountain", "a Sireletsoa Lake" le

E mong oa tsa maeto ho fetisisa Voroninsky pokello ke seo ho thoeng ke Bald Mountain - ha ho letho le tšoanang le le estimular ea Volga Uplands. Gore e na le sebaka se phahameng sa mong ka rōna ba ka bang 50 limithara tse. Le esita le kajeno thabeng e koahetsoe le masimong maiketsetso moru, pele o ne a hlile "lefatla", 'me ka hona bolokoa lebitso la sona. Ka tsela eo, hore thaba ena e tšoantšetsa motse Inzhavino.

E mong khahloa tsa pokello ea - e ikhethang moluoane zamba haufi le motse Semenovka. lilemo hae - lilemo tse fetang 150. Leha ho le joalo, hase feela hore ena e tummeng o moluoane zamba, hobane e ne e huleloa hang ka moetsi oa litšoantšo ea tummeng oa Mstislav Dobuzhinsky. 'Me hona joale setšoantšong e bolokwa ka Musiamo oa London. Ka bomalimabe, kajeno bakiloeng feela ena Willow Grove - ngata lifate li ile tsa senngoa nakong ea ntoa, 'me ka lebaka la mesebetsi ea barbaric ka 90s ea.

"Rostov"

Makatsoa ke le e hlolla le lona mehloli botle steppe ea Russia! Ka 1995, a le sebakeng Rostov la Rostov Reserve ho ile ha thehoa, le hoja preconditions bakeng sa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa lona e ne e le ho elella lekholong la lilemo la XIX. khopolo ea ho bopa mona e steppe pokello ebe bontša rasaense Vasily Dokuchaev, ea ileng a qeta nako e ngata le boiteko ba ho ithuta naha e steppe ea moo.

Rostov Reserve o na le boemo ba 'muso' me tsamaiso ea teng. Ho kenyelletsa ditokiseletso likarolong tse 'nè tse arohaneng, sebaka kakaretso ea hectars fetang 9.

Ka hare ho pokello ea, bo-rasaense ba nkiloe e le ba mefuta e 410 ea limela vascular - hangata lijo-thollo, legumes, Asteraceae le clove. Mona o ka fumana mefuta e 4 ea lierekisi, mefuta e 'maloa ea masiba joang, kamele moutloa. E hōle ka pokello e le mefuta e ho tse thathamisitsoeng ka Red Book: le lalele Schrenk, iris e dwarf, masiba joang le mefuta e meng e.

"Black Earth"

The mehloli kholo ka ho fetisisa otla Russia le tekanyo e lona le naha unspoilt tsa naha moroetsana. E mong oa kholo ka ho fetisisa ka hare ho naha ke Biosphere Reserve ka lebitso e sa tloaelehang "Black Earth", eo ho eona li boloketsoe libakeng tse e ikhethang ea Kalmyk steppe.

pokello e ile ha thehoa ka June 1990. Mosebetsi ya sehlooho - ho pholosa steppe le seka-ea lehoatata naha, hammoho le ho sireletsa baahi saiga. Sebaka kakaretso ea sebakeng seo o ile a sireletsa - hectars fetang 120 tse sekete. Hoa hlokomeleha hore ka 1993 ho "Black Naheng e Omileng" amohela maemo a biosphere pokello ke UNESCO.

limela le pokello e se hlahisoa e le mefuta e steppe le lehoatata tsa limela. Kahoo, libakeng tse lehlabathe ka kopana le kamele moutloa, joang lyme, lehlabathe sagebrush. Ka sehlekehlekeng sa letša Manichev-Gudilo na masabasabeng le masiba Lessing. Hola mona le mefuta e sa tloaelehang ea limela: cornflower Taliev le lalele Schrenk.

liphoofolo o boetse o emeloang ke steppe le seka-ea lehoatata mefuta. Mona ho matsa tloaelehileng, se seholo-eared klonoa, tse nyenyane gopher, jerboa. Tse fumanoang ka "naha ba batsho" tlamisa le polecat khanyang. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ho eketseha palo ea baahi phiri ka pokello ena.

Sehlaheng ka pokello ea palo e khōlō ea waterfowl. Sena limumu khantsi, likhantsi, letata le jang litlhapi Dalmatian, letata hlaha, ea bohlooho letata, pochard le ba bang. Sireletswa mona le steppe tloaelehileng mefuta ea linonyana: bustard, Lark, bustard nyenyane, steppe ntsu le buzzard.

"Volga steppe"

"Volga steppe" - le pokello mofuta sebakeng Penza, e kenyeletsang 5 libakeng tse arohaneng:

• Poperechenskaya steppe
• Ostrovtsovskaya steppe
• Kuncherovskaya steppe
• Pine Forest ka Kadadah,
• Verhnesursky moru sebakeng seo.

Ho e teng ka libaka steppe tsa Middle Volga. pokello e ile ha thehoa ka 1989 ho sireletsa masabasabeng leboea le meru. E koahela kajeno e leng sebaka se ea hectars 8326. "Volga steppe" - hase feela sebakeng seo paballo tlhaho. pokello e le tsona ka katleho kopanela litabeng tsa saense, ho etsa lipatlisiso, thuto le mesebetsi boithabiso. Leha ho le joalo, sepheo se ka sehloohong sa "ea Volga steppe" ke ho sireletsa limela le liphoofolo, hammoho le baemeli ba bona ka bomong le lintho tse phelang tikolohong eohle.

Ka "ho Volga steppe" Ho na le ka bang 860 ya dimela vascular ho letsatsi (sena, haufi le tsela, 55% ya sebopeho mefuta ya Penza sebakeng limela). Ho bana, 70 mefuta e ke a hloka tšireletso e khethehileng, 'me esita le robong mefuta thathamisitsoeng ka Red Book ea Russia. Ena mefuta e mene ea Stipa (masiba joang, e ntle, opushennolistny le masiba Zaleski), Fritillaria Russia, iris e leafless, Cephalanthera rubra, epipogium leafless le neottianta cucullata. 58 dimela tsa pokello e le tsona e ne e akarelletsa ho Red Book tsa naha.

E be ntho e thahasellisang ke phaene moru pokello ka Kadadah, kapa seo ho thoeng ke "Borok", haufi le motse oa Shatkino. Plot sebakeng tsa moru phaene mabōpong la nōka ea Kadadah - hoo e ka bang 400 hektare. Boron ke rarahaneng ea masimong maiketsetso phaene le meru the oak. Boholo ba sebaka seo e lula e be ntho le alder mekhoabong.

Sehlooho sena se e hlalosa ka ho fetisisa tummeng mehloli Serussia. Photos of likarolo tsena tse hlollang tsa naha ya rona e ka boela ea fumanoa mona. Naheng ya rona, re a bōpa tse fetang lekholo libakeng tse sireletswa, e leka ho sireletsa tikoloho e potolohileng, tshireletso ya naha tsa tlhaho, ke tsosoloso le pholosa mefuta itseng liphoofolo le semela. Ho phaella moo, libakeng tse sireletswa le ho phetha thuto le thuto ho feta mosebetsi ke lema batho ba Russia le lerato bakeng sa tlhaho. Boholo ba mehloli ea boetse e na le moholo boithabiso le bahahlauli 'nang,' me ba bang ba bona esita le leka ho kenya ka ho ntshetsa pele litsela khethehileng bahahlauli le litsela tlholeho.