Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod): histori, tlhaloso, aterese, ho bula lihora

E mong oa liemahale tsa khale-khale tsa tshireletso ya mehaho Russia - sena Novgorod Kremlin, kapa joalokaha ho bitsoa ka eona, Detinets. setsing sa akarelletsa ho mehaho ea nako linako fapaneng le eras, empa ka kakaretso ba etsa ka e ikhetha, 'me inimitable rarahaneng, tšoauoa ka tsela e itseng e khōloanyane ea rephabliki Novgorod esita le pele ho bogareng ea matla ka ho Moscow.

Novgorod Kremlin

E rarahaneng ea boholo-holo ea meaho ke qhobosheane ea Great Novgorod. Mohaho o moholo ka le letšehali lebōpong la nōka ea Volkhov. Leha ho le joalo, haeba u etsa qeto ea ho etela Novgorod Kremlin, ho molemo ho tseba hore aterese ya semmuso: Velikiy Novgorod, siwa. The Kremlin, 11. sebopeho sa ke bohlokoa meralo le sefika, 'me boemong ba' muso, o ile a sireletsa ke mmuso, ho phaella moo, ea musiamo-pokello akarelletsa UNESCO World List Heritage e le karolo ea motse oo ea bohlokoa historing. Pele e ngotsweng bua ka ho tloha Kremlin li ngotsoe 1044 selemo. Ya e le hantle, o ile a, joaloka tse ling kaofela, ho tsofala, nako ha e feta lefeela bakeng sa hae, 'me ba bang ba irretrievably lahlehile.

Detinets, Veliky Novgorod: na ke hobane'ng ha e le bitsoa?

Ha ho pelaelo hore bohle ba neng ba qala ho utloa lebitso joalo, ke ka ho ba bang ba pherekano, hobane lentsoe "Kremlin" Ho feta tse tloaelehileng, atileng har'a batho. Ho sa le joalo detintsem Russia e bitsoang ha ho tse ling ho feta ka hare metseng qhobosheane e neng e le mehla ea fragmentation ketsahalo e tloaelehileng. Ea boholo-holo litaba lentsoe pele e qala ho etsahala ka 1097, 'me feela lekholong la bo14 la lilemo e nkeloa sebaka lentsoe "Kremlin". Ka mor'a moo, e tsoela pele ho ba teng feela ka mehloli e ngotsweng le hlahang ho yona Novgorod-Pskov, kahoo, ho ka karolo e 'ngoe e fetoleloa ka dialecticism.

Version ya ka tšimoloho ea ho bua

Boholo ba bo-rasaense, baithutadipuo tsimoloho ea lentsoe "Detinets" (Velikiy Novgorod, Kiev le metseng e meng e meholo na mehaho e tšoanang) tse amanang le ba le motso e tšoanang e le "bana" ba. Ho joalo, mobishopo oa Kereke ea Orthodox ea Russia, Metropolitan Eugene ka 1808 a etsa tlhahiso ea hore bana bohle ba ka nako le litlhaselo tsa sera sa ka sireletsa ka qhobosheane, ke hobane'ng ha ka nako eo ile a tla lebitso leo. Union rahistori le lintho tsa khale ba atlehe epolloa ka Novgorod Kremlin, ba ne ba lumela hore lebitso la eo a neng a ile a fumana ka lebaka la bahlabani ba khosana ea, ba neng ba lula teng. Ba ba bitsoa bana kapa ngoana. Leha ho le joalo, ha e le hantle likhosana ka Detinets e ne e se - ba ile ba lula sebakeng se tsitsitseng haufinyane.

Ho latela Academician Yanin VL Novgorod Kremlin, joaloka mong le e mong e mong, a lebitso la eona le ka lebaka la 'nete ea hore, mohlomong, ho ne ho makhotla a ba baholo.

Tlhahiso e nngwe ho tloaelehile hore batho bontša Russia moenjiniere oa sesole. Ho bonolo le e utloahalang. Lentsoe "Detinets" le tsoa "etsa" Leetsi la. Ena e hlalosa ka ho ha e le hantle hore mehleng ea kotsi ka qhobosheane sireletsa basali le bana, litempelana tsa bolumeli le thepa. phetolelo ena ke ho isa bohōleng bo itseng overlaps le pele.

Novgorod Kremlin: Histori e Khutšoanyane

E o tsejoa hore karolo e ka leboea ea naha ea e oo Kremlin ke hona joale, e ne e pele e neng e le makgobokgobo la nōka ea Volkhov le e ile ea aroloa likarolo tse peli. Mohlomong, ho Detinets pele haholo ae phethang boemong bo bohareng le ile teng sehlekehlekeng ka leboea. E ne e hahiloe ka lehong, 'me a rala mora oa hae Yaroslava Mudrogo - Prince Vladimir Yaroslavovich. O ile a boela a qala ho haha tempele e khōlō ea motse oo ka 1045 - Sophia Cathedral, e leng e ile ea nka lilemo tse supileng. Itshwaela etsahetse ka 1052, 'me khoeli hamorao, Vladimir o ile a shoa' me a patoa le kereke e ncha.

Novgorod Kremlin-Detinets (Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast) chesa ka makhetlo-khetlo. Ho joalo, ka 1097 ka ho le letšehali oa hae e monyenyane, 'me le lecha haha feela 1116,' me ka nako eo a neng a fihla ka boholo ba le teng. Nakong ena, karolo ea tsotehang ea tšimo e ile ea oela ho Vladycha jareteng - ka ea bolulo ea mobishopo. E ne e le eena ea ileng a ka 1333 ba ile ba qala ho haha lejoe qhobosheane, ea tšabang ho hlasela ha feela Swedes le Horde, empa Prince Ivan Kalita. Complete Phetolo ya sefate ka lefika hlahile feela ka 30s ea lekholo la bo15 la lilemo. More kaho robust, empa hape ka mor'a nako butle-butle timetsoa le tsosolositsoeng. Nakong ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, ha Majeremane a ne a hapa Novgorod, Detinets (Kremlin) o ile a sebelisoa e le liahelong tsa masole.

Latelang ea timetso e sa setonanahali e ile ea etsahala 90-ogy ea tse lekholo tse fetileng, ha mokhoa o sa fellang hohlomela leboteng haufi le Spassky tora (20 mitha karohano). lilemo tse 'maloa hamorao, terata tsosolosoa. Joale Kremlin o na le boemo ba Novgorod State United Museum-Reserve.

Ka sehloohong meralo le litšobotsi tse

Ka lilemo tse makholo, qhobosheane le liqhobosheane hahile leralleng, haholo-holo bakeng sa ho ba le pono e ntlafetseng, le thata bakeng sa sera, hammoho le haufi le linōka. Detinets (Veliky Novgorod) kopana melao ena eohle. Le se emelang ka leralleng le tse nyenyane - limithara tse 10 ka holimo boemo ba Volkhov. Hammoho pherimitha ya mabota bokantle le e-ba bolelele ea 1487 limithara le sebaka ka hare la tšimo - hectars 12,1.

Tsotehang leboteng entsoe ka setene entsoeng ka kalaka seretse, le lejoe (Cobblestone le lejoe la mokoetla). The bokima le bophahamo ba qhobosheane ea fapana 3,6-6,5 limithara le 8-15 limithara, ka ho latellana. A tšobotsi e khethehileng ke kaho ea heke qhobosheane ea tempele, ke hore, likereke, teng ka holimo liheke. Ke tšobotsi e khethollang ea kereke, 'me ka ho khetheha ba mehaho monastic Russia. Se boleloang ke likhopolo larileng ka ka ha e le hantle hore le joalo kaho o atlehe tshireletso e leholimong ea motse. 'Nete ea hore Novgorod Kremlin nang tse' maloa tsa tsona, o ile a hlalosa karolo e phethoang ea etellang pele ka kaho ea babishopo. Hoo e ka bang mabota kaofela li ile tsa khutlisetsoa ka 50-60-ogy ea tse lekholo tse fetileng 'me kopana ponahalo Link la qhobosheane ea lekholo la bo15 la lilemo.

Litora Novgorod Kremlin

Hlokomela ho ba teng ha litora leshome le metso naheng ea citadel ena. Ho fihlela joale, ba bang ba robong feela li ile tsa pholoha:

• Spassky (tšoantšetsoang ka holimo) - o na le mofuta o mong oa e khutlonne molelele hore e arotsoe tiers tšeletseng, bophahamo le leboteng botenya - 19 limithara le 2 ka ho latellana. Ho hahiloe holim'a tente 15-mithara le lebelle tora, eo e fokotsehile ho ea ka tlhaloso ea lekholo la bo17 la lilemo. temana Arched koetse libareng, ho tloha ka leboea ho ea ka pele ea tora e haufi le senyehile kereke ea fetoha sebōpeho ka. E ne e le a ileng a fana ka lebitso la hae. Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) tla tseba hantle hore ho Spassky Tower, tseo le tsona li ile hang bontšitsoe banknote 5 li-ruble.
• Palace - letho tora ntle litaelo, quadrangular, e emelang hantle lisekoere 11,2h10,2 limithara, leboteng bophahamo - 20 limithara, 'me ka botenya ba lera bobeli boemong ba ya - 2 limithara ka holimo - tente. From litora tse ling ho ee buellang e silhouette tshesane.
• Knjazhaja - o sheba joaloka ea pejana, le eena o sa utloeng litsebeng tora tsa 18.5 limithara phahameng.
• Kokui (Kalancha) - letho lisekoere tora ntle temana, e leng hammoho le phahameng Dome ke 38,5 limithara, e botenya ba marako e tšoana le ea pele. Hona joale ho na le se lemohileng mokatong le maikutlo hlaka tsa Kremlin.
• Pokrovskaya - sebopeho tsa litonanahali tsa ba bolelele ba 18 limithara le leboteng botenya ba 3 limithara karolong e ka boroa-bophirimela la qhobosheane ea ka. Le se emelang ka nģ'ane 9 limithara, 'me mabota a phunyelletsa 55 loopholes.
• Zlatoust - letho lisekoere tora ea tiers tse 'nè, eo lebitso la hae a fa eme haufi le tempele ea lekholo la bo14 la lilemo.
• Vladimir - ka e oela Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) ke ho tsamaea, likhutlo li 'nè, bophahamo -. 17,8 limithara Ho na le tse leshome-mithara tente ka holimo. A tšobotsi e khethehileng - the loopholes ka arched holimo, re hopotsang lifensetere.
• Fedorov - tora ka cylindrical sebopeho loopholes arched
• The Metropolitan - ke sefika sa sesole ho itšireletsa mehaho, hammoho le e fetileng litora tse peli. Kahong ea sebopeho cylindrical, ba foufetseng, ba botenya ba leboteng - e nyenyane ka holimo ho 3, m, bophahamo ba - 16,3 m.

Hlokomela timetso e le ho tsosolosa ea litora tse tharo: Boris le Gleb, Tsoho, Prechistenskaya.

Sophia Cathedral

Tšoeu Lejoe kereke ke khale ka ho fetisisa naheng ea Russia ea kajeno ea ba hore hahile lichaba Maslav. Emisoa lilemong 1045-1050, a ka lilemo tse makholo a 'maloa a emela setsi sa moea ba eohle ea Republic Novgorod.

Sena sefapano domed hlano sesole sa metsing kerekeng e khōlō. mehaho e joalo ke tšobotsi ea mehaho le ea lekholo la bo11 la lilemo. Leha ho le joalo, ho ke ke e tsebahalang ka ho se feela Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) - kerekeng e khōlō ea lebitso tšoanang teng ka Polotsk le Kiev. Mohaho oo o na le tse tharo apse (lekaneng ho lateral le e bohareng pentagonal) ka mahlakoreng 'ohle e pota-potiloe ke galleries tse tharo storey. Kerekeng e khōlō likhaolong tse hlano, 'me ea botšelela e moqhaka karolong e ka bophirimela ea stair tora. Di tšoauoa ka ho khetheha mokhoa o Makovytsya - ka mokgwa wa lihelmete bahlabani ba boholo-holo. Palo e kahodimodimo bophahamo Sophia Cathedral - 38 limithara, leboteng botenya - 1.2, m, le ile la sebelisoa bakeng sa kaho lejoe la mokoetla bona. Temple entsoeng ka tsa setso setaele Byzantium.

libaka tse halalelang ba kamehla koahetsoeng ka litšōmo. Kahoo, Dome bohareng, sefapanong, ke mokhabo-leeba, tšoantšetsa Moea o Halalelang. Ivan Grozny ka 1570 ka matla haholo, a ileng a sebetsana le Novgorod. Ho ea ka tšōmo, leeba, squatting ka ba bang kaofela Cross, o ile a bona timetsoa batho ba bangata tšollang mali le ba le boikutlo ba ho tšoha ka ema tlekelele. Ka mor'a moo, e mong oa baitlami ba banna ba Lady Our senola hore nonyana e ile ea romeloa ho ea motseng ka matšeliso le mascot. Novgorod tla a 'na a fihlela leeba ke ke fofa theoha sefapanong.

The belfry ea St. Sophia Cathedral

E lokela ho hopola ka thoko ho tswa ho moaho khōlō. Zvonnitsa e le ho tse thathamisitsoeng mohaho ona o lilemo 15-18, e leng e kenyelletsoa Novgorod Kremlin. Veliky Novgorod (photo photo photo photo hlaka pono, sheba holimo.) - e ntle motseng ba khale le maeto a mangata setso le histori. Ba bangata ba bona ba le litempelana. libakeng tsena li akarelletsa, ka se ba utloisisa, le Saint Sophia Cathedral, 'me hammoho le sona le belfry. mehloli e ngotsoeng pele bolele ka 1437, ha o ile a re mabapi le moroallo. Ka ho khetheha, e re e ne e le ho tlisa fatše le ramparts bapileng. Jwale bellfry teng le leboteng ka hare tsa Kremlin bochabela, bolelele ba eona e tse 22.5 limithara, 'me ka bophara - limithara tse 3.4.

Nakong ea ntoa ea bobeli ea World e ile ka matla haholo, senyeha. Holim 'a amohela litaba tseo le mabotho a Jeremane a ka tsela ea bona ho ea motseng, ho ile ha etsoa qeto ea ho tsoa ka sheshe tšepe. Leha ho le joalo, nakong ea libomo e etsahetseng ka chaisoa ho toba le letona ka barge le exemplar tse tharo kholo ka ho fetisisa, 'me ba khangoa ke metsi ka nōkeng Volkhov. Ho ile mokhoa o sa fellang timetsoa ke libetsa le mohaho ka booona.

Tsosolositsoeng tšepe tora ea St. Sophia Cathedral Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) fumaneng ka 1948. Hona joale e se e sebediswa bakeng sa morero o ne a rerile, karolong ea eona e ka holimo e na le hlokomela mokatong le pontšo ka ho sa feleng e nehetsoeng ho motse oa boholo-holo oa litloloko.

Kereke ea Sergiya Radonezhskogo

Sebopeho hekeng ke mohlomong e le 'ngoe feela ea mofuta oa eona hore e se e bolokiloeng ka leboea-bophirimela ho naha ho fihlela letsatsing le teng. Ho ile ha hahoa tlasa mmusong wa Moarekabishopo Jonase tšimong ea Vladychny lebaleng ka Kremlin ka 1463. nako ena e tšoauoa ka sa premonition tsa ho oa ha Republic Novgorod tlas'a khatello ea Moscow le kamohelo lona. Leha ho le joalo, le takatso e matla butle-butle oa kokobela, 'me batho ba mamella khopolo ea bogareng tsa mmuso. Kereke - ke pontšo ea khotso, convergence moea le kopanngoa le Moscow, kaha e ne e hahiloe ho tlotla ya ebe hoo e ka bang e sa tsejoeng ka Russia 'me a rapela haholo-holo ka ho Moscow - Sergiya Radonezhskogo.

Kereke ea St. Stratelates

Novgorod Kremlin (temperaturdiagramm tsoantsoang) karolong e ka boroa-bochabela ea naha ea e na le e nyenyane e ka tsela e hlollang kereke. E ne e hahiloe ka lilemo tse makholo 15-17. E na le likhutlo li 'nè a bataletseng sebopeho ba rera, le' ngoe-sepane belfry le cupola e nyenyane e meqhaka tempele. Qalong sebakeng sena o ne a teng Boris le Gleb Cathedral, e leng ka 1682 e oele 'me o ne a ile heletsoa ho ea metheong ea eona. Angoang lula feela ntlo ea thapelo ea Saint Russia mohlabani-moshoela-tumelo oa Andreya Stratilata. Ho ile ba atolosa le fetoloa nyane ikemetseng kereke.

Episcopal lebaleng

Ke mona moo e ka ba ho hlokahala hore ho qala pale ea Novgorod Kremlin, kaha ke karolo ea khale ka ho fetisisa tsa Kremlin, tseo, ho ea ka Gordienko EA le Yanina V. L., o simoloha. Episcopal lebaleng teng karolong e ka leboea-bophirimela ea qhobosheane ea. Haeba u lumela lipale tsa, ho Bishop J. Korsunianin, eo lebitso la hae e haholo-holo ngotsoe ho thehoa ha Bokreste ka Novgorod, ka lekhotla la hae hapa sehlekehlekeng se senyenyane. meeli ea lona ho ba hlalosoa ka matsoho a mabeli a Volkhov. Sena tšireletso ea likoluoa tsa tlhaho tsamaelanang le ditlhoko tsohle, ho phaella moo, ea baahi ba (hase kamehla feto-fetoha-positive) ea moeli o marako a oona. Ka mor'a lefu la mobishopo oa kereke ea khale ea Joachim le Anna o ne a qhaqha le sebakeng se haufi hang-hang tsa St. Sophia Cathedral qala ho haha.

Ka lilemo tse makholo Episcopal lebaleng la qhobosheane ka qhobosheane, 'me mabotho a bohle ba hanyetsa maphelong a bona matla a bohosana - sekhukhu kapa ka kotloloho. Ho feta moo, e mong le e Bishop e ncha o ile a ikutloa a tlameha ho haha ntho e 'ngoe ea bona. Kahoo, ka lilemo tse ngata kaho e 'ngoe heletsoa le ba bang ho ile ha hahoa, e hahiloeng, e tsosolositsoeng, pota-potiloe ke mehaho e eketsehileng.

Liphetoho tse ngata tse khōlō li ne li 'musi Euphimia II (1429-1458). E lireng sebete ba a hapa Novgorod ho Moscow e entse sebopeho ikhetha ka Russia 'me hona joale sefika ea mehaho, mohaho feela ka mokhoa Gothic - the Faceted Moifo. 'Me haeba u e sheba ka toka ea inyenyefatsang (tšoantšetsoang ka holimo), e mehaho hare ke feela gorget le o ikhethang ka ho feletseng.

Information bakeng sa baeti

Ho tla ba molemo ho fumana hore na bohle ba ileng ba rera le leeto la ho o mong oa metse ho fetisisa e ntle le e boholo-holo oa Russia le lakatsa ho etela Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod), ho bula lihora tsa Sepheo setso le litšenyehelo tsa litekete. Pele, e lokela ho a hopola hore e pokello tsamaiso o fane ka matsatsi ao ketelo e ka ba mahala ho feletseng:

• Mong le e mong ea neng a e-s'o e-ba lilemo li 18 - mong le e mong Laboraro la pele la khoeli, 1 September, 1 June,
• Large malapa a - the Laboraro la pele la khoeli.
• Baithuti Nakhimov le Suvorov Military School - beke le beke ka Mantaha.
• Baamogedi ba phensene - 1 October.
• Ho hang baahi bohle - 18 May, ka Letsatsi la Machaba la tshedimosetsong, kwa dimusiamong, hammoho le ka July le August le leng le Labohlano.

Ha e le theko ea tekete, ho ke ke molemo ka ho fetisisa ho hlakisa tlhahisoleseding ofising ea lebokose la musiamo-pokello. Ka sebaka sa eona sa karohano ya dintho tse. O ka khetha seo u se u le thahasello, 'me a se ke a lefella ba bang kaofela. Ka mohlala, hlahloba Sofia belfry, Litšobotsi Tse (Vladychnaya) kamoreng tla 150 li-ruble. Baithuti, batho ba hōlileng litheolelo, bana ho fihlela ho lilemo tse 16 ho tse ling tsa lintho ka feta ntle ho tefo.

Rerile ho etela Detinets (Veliky Novgorod)? dihora tse qalang tsa rarahaneng lokela ho hlakisoa esale pele. Ba bangata ba pepesehela ka linako tse itseng kapa ba le karohano ka meso ho pholosa nako, kae-kae e ka ho phethahatsoa mosebetsi tsosoloso, 'me input mabapi ena e tla koaloa. Mohlala, Sofia belfry fumaneha bakeng sa maeto a ho ka beke ka dinako tloha hora ea leshome hoseng ho fihlela tse tsheletseng mantsiboea, 'me ka Labohlano le ka mafelo-beke ho lula e atoloswa ho fihlela 20:00. Mohlomong u ka Booking litekete pele Inthaneteng. lipotso tsena tsohle li tla araba tlhophiso Info Museum-Reserve Service.