Motse oa boholo-holo Russia boholo-holo: mabitso, thuto le ntshetsopele

Hangata histori ea Europe Bochabela, e neng e le baahi ka ho Slavs, ho qala ho ithuta ho thehoeng ha Kievan RUS. Ho latela khopolo ea molao, hona ke puso ea pele linaheng tsena, e ne a tsejoa ka lefatše le eena ba ne ba nkoa 'me ba hlompha babusi. E mong ka mor'a e 'ngoe, ho na le metse e ea boholo-holo Russia ea boholo-holo,' me mokhoa ona o ile a khaotsa ho feela ka hlasela Mamongolia. Le hlasela se sengata haholo tsoela ka lebaloa, 'me puso ka boeona e, le arohaneng har'a litloholo tse ngata tsa likhosana. Empa re tla bua ka heyday hae, e tla bolella seo e ne e le metse e boholo-holo oa Russia.

A hanyane ka naha

Poleloana e reng "ea boholo-holo Russia" hangata a bua ka e le boemong ba ho ba kopane ho pota Kiev, eo e-ba teng ho tloha borobong ho bohareng ba le makholo a lilemo ea leshome le metso e meraro. Ha e le hantle, e ne e le kopano ea magosana e, le baahi ba Slavs ka bochabela, o laoloa ho Grand Duke. Soviet tshwerweng masimong a mangata, o ne a lebotho la eona e (thunyang le), o ile a theha puso ea molao.

Ha motse oa boholo-holo ka RUS ea boholo-holo ho Bokreste, o ile a qala mosebetsi oa kaho o mafolofolo tsa litempele lejoe. Bolumeli bo le bong e ncha e ka ho eketsehileng a matlafatsa matleng a khosana ea Kiev le go tlhofofadiwa likamano leano tsoang linaheng tse ling le linaha tsa European, ntshetsopele ya likamano setso le Byzantium le linaheng tse ling haholo tsoetseng pele.

Gardarika

Ho hlaha ha metse Russia ea boholo-holo e ne e le tsa sebapali se befileng. Hase oa lefeela litlalehong tsa histori tsa Bophirimela Gardarika e bitsoa, ke hore, litoropong tse naheng. From mehloli e ngotsweng ho intša ho tswa ho IX-X makholo a lilemo, eo tsejoa hore metse e 24 e meholo, empa re ka nka hore ho na le ba bangata ho feta. Mabitso a metsana tsena e ne e ka tloaelo ho Maslav. Mohlala, Novgorod, Vyshgorod, Beloozero, Przemysl. Ho ea qetellong ea lekholo la bolesomepedi, karolo e phethoang ke metse e Russia ea boholo-holo e ne e le kannete le ea bohlokoa haholo: ho ne ho se e 238, ba ile ba hantle e etselitsoeng liqhobosheane, e ne e le litsi tsa lipolotiking, khoebo, thuto le moetlo.

Sebopeho le lintho tse khethollang metsana matsatsing a khale

City ka Russia ea boholo-holo - fedisa ena, e leng seo ka hloko khetha sebaka. tšimong eo e lokela ho ba phutholohile ka ho ya ka tshireletso. Leralleng, joalokaha le busa, ka lefapha la nōka, ho ile ha hahoa karolo etselitsoeng liqhobosheane ea (Kremlin). Lula matlo a ne teng haufi le nōka, kapa mabalane, ho itsoe, ka lemeno la. Kahoo, motse oa pele oa Russia ea boholo-holo e ne e ena e bohareng karolo - the citadel, hantle-o ile a sireletsa le ho loketseng haholoanyane, empa tlase ba sireletsehile khoebo le sekepe likoto. Nakoana ka mor'a ho metsana etsahala toropo kapa mosiko.

motse oa boholo-holo Russia ea boholo-holo e hahiloeng ke ke a lejoe, joaloka ho fetisisa tsa metsana Europe Bophirimela ka nako eo, 'me o entsoe ka lehong. Kahoo ho ile ha tla ba leetsi "ho khaola" motse ho ena le ho haha. Matlafatsang tsa mokoallo le theha lesale la liphaposi lehong kutu tlala lefatše. Fumana ka hare e ne e le feela kamoo ho ka khonehang ka heke.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore ka RUS ea boholo-holo e bitsoang motse se feela sebakeng, empa terata, fortification, qhobosheane. Ho phaella ho citadel, e leng Houses mehaho ka sehloohong (Cathedral Square, polokelo ea matlotlo, laebrari), le khoebo le handicraft kotara ile hakaalo Trade sebakeng le sekolong.

'Mè oa metse e Russia

E ka epithet ena e ile a fuoa e le bo-rahistori ba ka sehloohong sefako naha. Motse-moholo oa Russia ea boholo-holo e ne e le motse oa Kiev - e ntle le e loketseng haholo ya ka dipehelo tsa sebakeng libaka. Batho ba ne ba lula sebakeng sena se 15-20 sekete. Lilemong tse fetileng. The tsomo Prince Kyi, mothehi oa motse, mohlomong o ne a lula ka nako ya setso Chernyakhov. "Veles Book" e bolela hore e ne e le letsoalloa la Afrika Baltic 'me a lula le kakanyo feela e le bohareng ba lekholo la bobeli. Empa motheo oa qhobosheane ea khale mohloli oa nako Scythian hore overlaps ka molaetsa oa Herodotus cobble hammoho. Mohlomong u ka Polyansky Prince se ke ba beha motseng, 'me feela matlafatsa e le a bua. Academician Rybakov o ile a re Kiev e thehiloe hamorao, lilemong tsa la 5-6, ha Slavs mafolofolo lieu sebakeng ka Dnieper le Danube, pele ho Balkan Hloahloeng.

Ho hlaha ha metse Russia ea boholo-holo ka mor'a Kiev ne tlhaho, kaha ho mabota e etselitsoeng liqhobosheane batho ikutloe ke sireletsehile. Empa ka meso la puso masimo a motse-moholo oa kena Khazar Khanate. Ho phaella moo, McDermott ile a kopana le moemphera oa Byzantium, mohlomong le Anastasia. Hore na ke mang ea busang sefako ka mor'a lefu la mothehi lona ke sa tsejoeng. History e bua feela mabitso a babusi bao ba babeli ho qetela pele ho ho fihla ha Vikings. Tsa boprofeta Oleg ntle tšollo ea mali tšoara Kiev, o ile a motse-moholo oa hae, pushed nomads, e sithabetseng ka Khazar Khanate me a tsoela pele ho khopisa khahlanong le Constantinople.

Khauta nakong ea Kiev

Movies Oleg le mohlahlami oa hae, Igor le Svyatoslav le Brave ha e ea etsa hore tsoelo-pele ea motse. meeli ea lona ha ba atolosoa ho tloha Kia, empa e ne a eme ka tlung ea borena, ho ile ha hahoa ea bohetene le likereke tsa Bokreste. Tokisetso fedisa ne a buletse Prince Vladimir, 'me ka mora kolobetso ea RUS' hōlisa Lejoe tempelaneng litutulu etsetsa melimo ea khale ea heletsoa fatše. Tlas'a Yaroslav haha tšimong ea St. Sophia Cathedral le Golden Gate, le Kiev le baahi ba eona e eketsehile ka makhetlo a mangata. Ka potlako ho ntshetsa pele mesebetsi ea matsoho, phatlalatsang, thuto. Cities ea Boholo-holo Russia e ba le ho feta, empa sefako Kyi e ntse e ikarabellang. Kajeno, karolong e bohareng ea motse-moholo oa Ukraine ka bona mehaho e etsoa ka heyday tsa mmuso.

Attractions ba motse-moholo oa Ukraine

motse oa boholo-holo Russia ea boholo-holo e ne e le e ntle haholo. Le ka ho hlakileng, motse-moholo ho na le mokhelo. Kajeno, liemahale meralo ya nako eo fa monyetla oa hore a bokhabane ba Kiev. The Turismo hlaheletseng ka ho fetisisa - Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, thehiloe ke moitlami Anthony ka 1051. E rarahaneng e na le litempele Lejoe khabisitsoeng ka murals, lisele tse, mahaheng tlas'a lefatše, litora tse etselitsoeng liqhobosheane. Golden Heke hahoa tlas'a Yaroslav Bohlale - e ikhethang khopotso ea mehaho itšireletsa. Kajeno ho na le musiamo ka hare le ka bophara mehaho ena e arotsoe Square, moo ema sefika ho khosana ena. Ke habohlokoa ho ho etela tse tummeng St. Sophia Cathedral (1037), St. Michael o Cathedral Vydubychi Monastery (XI -. XII lekholong la lilemo la) (. Tsohle lekholong la lilemo la XII), Cyril, Boraro-bo-Heke kereke, kereke ea Mopholosi ka Berestove.

Veliky Novgorod

Major Cities ea Boholo-holo Russia - hase feela Stolny Kiev. Ho ntle le Novgorod, eo e se e bolokoa ho fihlela kajeno, kahobane a ne a sa susumetsoa ke Mamongolia. Ka mor'a moo, e le hore ho hatisa karolo ea bohlokoa historing ea motseng oo, lebitso molao ba boholong ba ile ba a phaella ka ho le ketapele "Great".

Amazing Castle, arotsoe nōka Volkhov, ho ne ho thehiloe ka 859. Empa ena ke letsatsi la ha fedisa ho ile pele eo ho buuoang ka mehloli e ngotsoeng. Chronicle bolela hore ka 859 o ile a shoa Novgorod Voevoda Gostomysl 'me ka hona Novgorod ile ha hlaha pele ho nako, nako e telele pele ho e ipiletsang Rurik ka principality ena. epolloa lintho tse epolotsoeng li bontšitse hore linaheng tsena batho ba lula lekholong la bohlano la. Ka matsatsi e ka bochabela ea lekholong la leshome o bitsoa-Slaviya (Khanya, Sala), e mong oa litsi tsa setso tsa RUS. Ke hona ho boleloa'ng motse Novgorod le pele ho eena lona - e khale toropong Ilmen Slavs. Hape, ho e tsejoa ka Scandinavian Holmgard, motse-moholo Gardariki.

Features ya motse-moholo oa Republic Novgorod

Joaloka metse tsohle tse khōlō tsa Russia ea boholo-holo, Novgorod e ile ea aroloa likarolo tse. Ho ne ho neighborhoods sekepe-Michelangelo S. eang teng, libakeng tsa bolulo ntle literateng, liqhobosheane. Detinets Ho thehoa ka bo-1044. Ntle ho eena, ho fihlela kajeno lula theko le White (Alekseevskaya) tora. Ka lilemo tse 1045-1050 motseng oa kaho ea St. Sophia Cathedral, e nyenyane hamorao - Nicholas Dvorischenskogo, St George le Nativity tsa Virgin.

Ha e se e thehoa Veche Republic, e leng motse lithunthung mehaho (ho na le Novgorod sekolo ea mehaho). Maruo lahlehetsoeng le tokelo ea ho haha likereke, empa e ka mafolofolo kopanela baahi, bahoebi le bareki. malapeng a batho, e le busa, ba ne ba entsoe ka lehong le ea lejoe etsoa libaka feela ea borapeli. Hoa hlokomeleha hore esita le nakong eo ka Novgorod sebetsa aqueduct lehong, 'me literateng ne katoa ka ho na le masakana lejoe.

e khanyang Chernihiv

Ka ho ithuta metseng e meholo ea Russia ea boholo-holo, eseng ho bolele Chernigov. Sebakeng se haufi le ho fedisa ea kajeno ea batho ba 'nile ba phela ka 4th sa likete tse tharo BC. Empa ha e le sefako Ho ile pele eo ho buuoang ka mehloli e ngotsoe ka selemo sa 907. Ka mor'a Ntoa ea lehong le thata ka 1024 Mstislav mor'abo rōna ea Yaroslava Mudrogo, Chernihiv etsa motse-moholo oa hae. Ho tloha ka nako o 'nile a ka mafolofolo ho ntshetsa pele, ho hōla le ho hahoa. Mona emisoa Ilyinsky le Eletskii matlong a baitlami, eo ka nako e telele e tla ba setsi sa moea ba Principality, eo tšimo ea prostilalas ho Murom le Kolomna Tmutarakani.

The tlhaselo ea Tatars ile a khaotsa ho ntshetsopele khotso ea motse, eo ile a chesa ke masole Chingizid Mongke ka October 1239. Ka makhetlo a bohosana ho mehleng ea kajeno e ile ea fihla e tsoileng 'maloa meralo le, eo ho eena,' me ba qala ho hlahloba motse ke bahahlauli. Sena Mopholosi Cathedral (XI lisente.), St. Elias Kereke, Sts le Cathedral of nkuwa e, Yelets Uspensky Monastery (tsohle -. XII c), St. Labohlano Kereke. Paraskeva (XIII c.). Hlokomeleha Anthony Cave (XI-XIX c.) 'Me Black litutulu Sheole, promenades le nang lebitso.

Staraya Ryazan

Ho na le e ne e le qhobosheane e 'ngoe, e leng ile ha phetha karolo ea bohlokoa. Metse Russia ea boholo-holo e ne e le tse ngata, empa hase bohle ba bona e ne e le setsi sa principality ena. Ryazan, timetsoa ka ho feletseng ke Batu Khan, ha e tsosoa. Ka 1778, Pereyaslavl-Ryazan, e leng hōle le metsaneng khale ea bohosana e 50 km le, o ile a fuoa lebitso le lecha - Ryazan, empa sebelisa le le ketapele "New". Lithako tsa boholo-holo qhobosheaneng kajeno ke tsa thahasello e khōlō le bo-rahistori le archaeologists. Feela mesaletsa ea liqhobosheane ho lula hectars fetang mashome a tšeletseng. The pokello ba lintho tse epolotsoeng e boetse e akarelletsa lithakong tsa outposts balebeli, New Qhobosheane Olga, ea ileng a sireletsa haufi le All-Russia rodnovercheskoe Sanctuary.

hlollang Smolensk

Ka fihlang ho e ka holimo ea Dnieper ke motse oa boholo-holo le motle haholo. Placename Smolensk o khutlela sehlooho Smolnya noka kapa ho lebitso la moloko oa Smolyan. E boetse ke ho ka etsahala hore qhobosheaneng e ile ea bitsoang ho tlotla 'nete ea hore o ne a robetse ka tsela ea ho tsoa Vikings ho Bagerike,' me e ne e le sebaka seo ho sona batsamai tlotsitsoe ka sekontiri sekepe. Ho ile pele eo ho buuoang ka "The Tale tsa fetileng Years" ka 862 le o bitsoa e le setsi sa kopano meloko Krivichy. Nakong ea lintoa khahlanong le Constantinople Askold le Dir o ne o potoloha Smolensk mokha oa hobane e ile haholo e etselitsoeng liqhobosheane. Ka 882 qhobosheaneng e haptjoang ka Boprofeta Oleg me ea e-ba karolo ea matla a hae.

Ka 1127, motse oo o fetoha haholo Rostislav Mstislavovitch, ea ileng a 1146 o ile a laela ho haha Kereke ea SS Petrose le Pauluse, Smolensk, Kereke ea Ioanna Bogoslova. Pele tlhaselo Mongol Smolensk fihla tlhōrō lona phahameng ka ho fetisisa. O ile a nka ka 115 hectars, 'me ho na le baahi ba moahi oa 40 sekete. Batho ba lulang mahaeng a likete tse robeli. Horde tlhaselo e sa ama sefako, eo a mo lumella ho boloka liemahale tse ngata. Empa kaha e lahlehileng boleng ba eona le oela tlasa itshetlehileng tsa magosana tse ling.

metse e meng

Joalokaha u ka bona, e phahameng metseng ea litoropo ntshetsopeleng ya Russia ea boholo-holo o ile a lumella hore ba se ke feela e le setsi tsa lipolotiki tsa sebakeng seo, empa le tsona ho theha likamano tsa linaha tse ling le linaha tse ling. Mohlala, Smolensk ne a ena le kamano e haufi le Riga le likamano tsa khoebo ea Novgorod ka kakaretso ke tsomo. metsana life tse ling le teng Russia?

• Polotsk, teng ka tributary tsa ka Bophirimela Dvina. Kajeno ke ho naha ea Belarus le ho ratoa ke bahahlauli. About mehla ea bohosana e tšoana le St. Sophia Cathedral (lekholong la lilemo la bo11, timetsoa 'me ba tsosolositse lekholong la bo18 la lilemo) le khale mohaho ona o Lejoe naheng - fetoha sebōpeho kereke (lekholong la lilemo la bo12).
• Pskov (903 selemo).
• Rostov (862).
• Suzdal (862).
• Vladimir (990 selemo). Motse oo o akarelletsa oa Khauta Ring ea Russia, e tsebahalang Uspensky le Dmitrievsky Cathedral, Golden Heke.
• Moore (862), ba chesa nakong ea tlhaselo Mongol, tsosolosoa lekholong la ea leshome le metso e mene.
• Yaroslavl - motse ka Volga, thehiloe ke Yaroslav e Bohlale eo lilemong tsa bo-ea leshome pele.
• Terebovlya (Galicia-Volyn principality), ha ho buuoa ka lekhetlo la pele ba motse ba khale selemo 1097.
• Galich (Galicia-Volyn principality), ha ho buuoa ka lekhetlo la pele e ngotsoeng ea e khale selemo 1140. Leha ho le joalo, ka epics ea Duke Stepanovich e re o ne a le molemo ho feta ho Kiev nakong ea bophelo ba Ili Muromtsa, 'me o ile a fumana hore kolobetso ea nako e telele pele ho lilemo tse 988.
• Vyshgorod (, 946 selemo). Qhobosheaneng e ne e le ngata tsa Princess Olga le sebaka seo a se ratang. Ke hona mona moo ba ne ba lula lirethe tse makholo a mararo, Prince Vladimir pele a kolobetsoa. From Russia mehla Khale ba ne ba sa pholoha mohaho le 'ngoe.
• Pereyaslavl (kajeno Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky). Ka 907 o ne a pele eo ho buuoang ka mehloli e ngotsoeng. Kajeno motseng o ka bona mesaletsa ea liqhobosheane 10-11 lilemo tse makholo.

ho ena le hore epilogue e

Ya e le hantle, re u se ke ua ba lenaneng la metse eohle ea mehla e khanyang ea Bochabela Slavs historing. Me haholo-holo ba sa khone ho hlalosa ba ka botlalo ha li ntse li lokela ho, ka lebaka la ho fihlela se lekana fokolang la lihlooho tsa rona. Empa re le tšepo ea hore thahasello tsosoa ka ho ithuta ea nakong e fetileng.