Morgan chromosomal khopolo: tlhaloso, litokisetso tsa motheo le litšobotsi

Hobaneng bana ba tšoana le batsoali ba bona? Ke hobane'ng ha malapa a mang a jala itseng mafu a kang bofofu mmala, polydactyly, kopanetsoeng hypermobility, cystic fibrosis? Ke hobane'ng ha palo ya mafu a tse amang feela basali le ba bang - banna feela? Kajeno re tsohle tseba hore likarabo tsa lipotso tsena ho lokela ho ba ile ba batla ho lefutso, ke hore, chromosomes ea hore ngoana a fumana ho tswa ho e mong le e motsoali. Le nang le tsebo ena, saense ea kajeno e tlameha ho Thomas Hunt Morgan - liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa Amerika. O ile a hlalosa mokhoa oa ho fetisetsa lesedi le liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho e ntshetswa pele hammoho le basebetsi-'moho chromosomal khopolo ea ho ja lefa la hae (eo hangata e bitsoang chromosome khopolo ea Morgan), e leng e se e le lejoe la sekhutlo la liphatsa tsa lefutso ea kajeno.

History of sibolloa

E ka ba phoso ho bolela hore Thomas Morgan e ne e le ba pele ba ho ba le thahasello e tokollong ea phetiso ea boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso. The bafuputsi ba pele ba ileng ba leka ho utloisisa karolo ea chromosomes ka lefa ka nkoa e le mosebetsi o Chistyakov, Beneden, Rabl ka 70-80-ogy tsa lekholong la lilemo la XIX.

Ho ne ho se microscopes le matla ho ba khona ho bona sebōpeho chromosome. Le poleloana e reng "chromosome" Hape, e ne e ha ho joalo. E ile ea kenyelletsoa ke le Jeremane rasaense Heinrich Valdeyr ka 1888.

Jeremane setsebi sa baeloji Theodor Boveri ka lebaka la liteko la hae e le hore ho ke ke ho hlokahala hore ntshetsopeleng tloaelehileng ea 'mele ea ho tloaelehile hore mefuta nomoro ea eona ea chromosomes,' me feteletseng bona kapa khaello isang malformations matla. Ha nako e ntse, khopolo ea hae e ile ikhethang a tiisa. Re ka bolela hore chromosome khopolo T. Morgan a tshimololang hae ntlha leboha ho etsa lipatlisiso Boveri.

Qala ho etsa lipatlisiso

Tswakana oa tsebo o teng ka khopolo ea lefutso, ho tlatsetsa le ho ntshetsa pele ba ile ba khona ho Thomas Morgan. E le ntho e liteko hae o ile a khetha litholoana fofa, 'me ha ke hlaheloa ke kotsi. E ne e le ntho e phethahetseng bakeng sa lithuto tsa ea phetiso ea boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso - feela e mene chromosome, tsoalo, مختصر nako ea bophelo. Morgan o ile a qala ho etsa lipatlisiso, re sebelisa mela hloekileng lintsintsi. O hang a fumana hore lisele kokoana-hloko ea sete le 'ngoe ea chromosomes, ke hore 2 sebakeng sa 4. Ho Morgan boletsoeng moo e motšehali ho kopanela liphate chromosome X, ngoana e motona - ka e le ba Y.

Sex-amahanngoa le lefa

Morgan o chromosome khopolo e bontšitse hore ho na le matšoao tobileng tsa ho kopanela liphate-e amana. Fofa, eo ka eona le rasaense ea etsoa liteko tsa hae, e leng ka tsela e tloaelehileng e na le e khubelu-leihlo, empa ka lebaka la liphetoho tse bang teng ea phatsa ea lefutso sena baahi ba ne ba e tšoeu-eyed motho ka mong, 'me har'a bona ho ne ho ba bangata ho feta banna. Phatsa ea lefutso, e leng boikarabelo ba ho 'mala oa fofa leihlo e localized ka X chromosome, ka Y-chromosome hase. Ke hore, ka ho ba batšehali tšela, e mong X chromosome eo e na le liphatsa tsa lefutso mutated, le ferruginous motona kgonego ya teng ha tšobotsi ka bana ba tla amahanngoa le fatše. Ho bobebe tsela ea ho bontša sena ka temperaturdiagramm ho:

• P: XX 'x, X'Y;
• F _1: XX ', XY, X'X' X'Y.

X - e motšehali ho kopanela liphate chromosome kapa phatsa ea lefutso ka ntle tse tšoeu e motona leihlo; X "makhooa chromosome phatsa ea lefutso ea mahlo.

Ho hlalosa se boleloang diphetho tšela:

• XX '- e khubelu-eyed motšehali phatsa ea lefutso microcyteme fetileng leihlo. Ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha ea bobeli X-chromosome ea mutated phatsa ea lefutso "overlaps" bophelo bo botle, 'me o bontša ha tšobotsi phenotype.
• X'Y - tšoeu-eyed motona, ea ileng a fumana ho 'mè oa X chromosome ka phatsa ea lefutso sehole. Ka ho ba le 'ngoe feela X-chromosome sehole tšobotsi letho ho thibela,' me ho bonahala eka ho phenotype.
• X'X '- tšoeu-eyed motšehali chromosome futsitseng phatsa ea lefutso mutated ho tswa ho' mè le ntate. E tšehali feela ha bobeli X-chromosomes tsoele makhooa phatsa ea lefutso ea mahlo, e tla hlaha ka phenotype ena.

The chromosomal khopolo ea lefutso Thomas Morgan o ile a hlalosa mochine oa lefa la mafu a mangata liphatsa tsa lefutso. Hobane liphatsa tsa lefutso X chromosome tse ling tse ngata ho feta ka Y chromosome, e utloisisa hore e na le boikarabelo ba le matšoao a ho fetisisa e phelang. The X chromosome ho 'mè oa ka a tšoaetsanoang ka bara le barali, hammoho le liphatsa tsa lefutso le boikarabelo bakeng sa thepa ea' mele, matšoao Link lefu lena. Hammoho le X-amahanngoa ho na le lefa la Y-amana. Empa Y-chromosome ke feela bakeng sa batho, hobane haeba e se etsahala phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso efe kapa efe, e ka fetisetsoa feela ho litloholo tsa e motona.

The chromosomal khopolo ea lefutso Morgan o ile a thusa ho utloisisa mekhoa ea phetiso ea mafu a liphatsa tsa lefutso, Leha ho le joalo, mathata a amanang le kalafo ea bona, sa lumelloa ho fihlela hona joale.

phetoho

Nakong ea thuto, e leng thaka ea Thomas Morgan Alfred Sturtevant sibolla lipono tse makatsang tsa tšela-fetang. E le liteko morago ga moo, e kopanya mocha oa liphatsa tsa lefutso li etsahala ka lebaka la tšelela. E ne e le eena ea ileng a tlōla tshebetso amahanngoa lefa.

Ka tsela eo chromosome khopolo T. Morgan o ile a fumana boemo ba o mong oa bohlokoa - pakeng tsa chromosomes homologous le hlaha tšela-fetang, 'me maqhubu a lona e laolwang ke sebaka se pakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le.

metheo e

Ho systematize liphello tsa liteko tsa rasaense, e tla hlahisa boemo tsa motheo tsa khopolo chromosomal tsa Morgan:

1. Matšoao a itšetleha ka liphatsa tsa lefutso e phelang akarelelitsoeng ho ka chromosomes ena.
2. Liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa chromosome e mong a fetisetsoa ho bana ba clutch. Matla a mamarello ke moholo, ho e nyenyane ka sebaka se pakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le.
3. The chromosomes homologous hlokomela ketsahalo ea tšela-fetang.
4. Ho tseba maqhubu a ya tšelela ka chromosome tse itseng, re ka a bale sebaka se pakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le.

Boemo bobeli ea khopolo chromosomal tsa Morgan le Morgan bitsoa puso ea.

ho amohela

diphetho ho etsa lipatlisiso ba ne ba lemoha ikhethang. Morgan o chromosome khopolo e ne e le katleho e kholo ka baeloji ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli. Ka 1933, ho sibolloa ha karolo e phethoang ke chromosomes ka lefutso Khau ea Nobel e ile a fuoa ho Rasaense e.

A lilemo tse seng kae hamorao, Thomas Morgan amohela Copley khau bakeng phihlello e ikhethang naheng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso.

Joale Morgan o chromosome khopolo ea lefutso e ithuta likolong. O ile a nehela lihlooho tse ngata le libuka.

Mehlala kopanela le lefa la mokatong

Morgan o chromosome khopolo e bontšitse hore thepa ea 'mele ikemiselitse ke liphatsa tsa lefutso behiloeng ho eona. diphetho tsa motheo hore a Thomas Morgan, o ile a fana ka karabo potsong ea phetiso ea mafu a kang hemophilia, lefu Lowe, bofofu, lefu Bruttona.

Ho ile ha fumanoa hore liphatsa tsa lefutso ho tsohle tsa mafu tsena li fumaneha ka X chromosome le basali, mafu ana a ba teng haholo tlase hangata, e le chromosome ka bophelo bo botle ka hatelle le chromosome ka phatsa ea lefutso le maloetse. Basali ba sa hlokomela, e ka ba bajari ba mafu a liphatsa tsa lefutso, tse ka nako eo o ile a bontša ka ho bana ba.

E leng banna, X-amahanngoa lefu, kapa matšoao a phenotypic hlaha, hobane ho na le ha ho na bophelo bo botle X chromosome.

The chromosomal khopolo ea lefutso T. Morgan sebelisoa ka ho hlahloba histori lelapa bakeng sa mafu a liphatsa tsa lefutso.