Morao-rao whaling: tlhaloso, histori le polokeho

whaling ke eng? whaling ena e le hore ho fumana melemo e moruo, ho ena le ho lijo. Kotuloa 'me a sebelisa nama leruarua e le lijo o ile a qala feela ka halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la lilemo la XX.

Products whaling

Kajeno, e mong le schoolchild tseba hore whaling qala ho hlahisoeng ha blubber - leruarua oli, e neng e sebelisoa qalong bakeng sa mabone, ka tlhahisong ea jute le jwalo lubricants. Japane, le blubber ne e sebelisoa e le likokoanyana khahlanong le litsie masimong a raese.

Ha nako e ntse, theknoloji e fetohile mafura etsetsa thepa e ncha fihla. Blubber e ha e sa a sebelisa bakeng sa ho bonesa ka nako e telele kaha ho ne ho parafine, empa hlahisa ntho e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho hlahisa sesepa. 'Me ae sebelisa ka tlatsetsa ho meroho mafura ka ba lokisetsa ho ea margarine e. Glycerol, oddly ho lekaneng, ke byproduct ba tlosa acid tse mafura tloha blubber ena.

oli Whale sebelisitsoe ka tlhahisong ea likerese, litlolo le litokisetso tsa bongaka le ho bolela, lipentšele mala, enke, linoleum, pente.

Whale nama bakeng sa ho pheha nama ntsa kapa joaloka lesapo phofo bakeng sa iphepe liphoofolo. The bareki e khōlō ea nama leruarua bakeng sa lijo - Japanese.

Bone phofo ntse e sebelisoa e le manyolo ka temo.

Lijo phoofolo ea lapeng ke seo ho thoeng ke tharollo nama moro ka mor'a kalafo ka autoclaves, lihlahisoa tsa morui, protheine.

Whale letlalo Japane nakong ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše e ne e sebelisetsoa ho indasteri e lieta ho tlhahisong ya bohato, Leha ho le joalo, ho ke ke ha le matla joaloka letlalo tloaelehileng.

phofo ea mali tse neng sebediswa e loketseng ho dikahare tse phahameng tsa naetrojene e le manyolo ka, empa ka lebaka la thepa ea binder le - e le sekgomaretsi ho indasteri e ho betla mapolanka.

Meleng dinama tse nyenyane tse leruarua edible gelatin a lokisetsa ho tloha sebete - vithamine A, ho tswa ho pituitary - adrenocorticotropic hormona ho tloha mala - ambergris. Bakeng sa nako e telele ka ho Japane ea pancreatic ka insulin ntšitsoeng.

Ho hoo e ka bang ha sebelisoa whalebone, eo ka nako e 'ngoe ho ne ho hlokahala bakeng sa tlhahisong ea corsets, makala phahameng, crinolines, likhele, lisebelisoa kichineng, thepa ea ka tlung' me a tse ling tse ngata dintho tse e metle. Ho fihlela joale, ho na le bonono le Crafts tloha meno peō ea botona leruarua, motsamaisi leruarua le 'molai maruarua.

Ka bokhutšoanyane, kajeno maruarua sebelisoa ka botlalo.

Histori ea whaling

The belegetswe ea whaling ka nkoa Norway. Se ka metako lefikeng la metsana ratana khutlela lilemo tse likete tse 'nè, ho na le litšoantšo tse maruarua tsoma. Me ho tloha moo e fihla bopaki pele ya kamehla leruarua tsoasa litlhapi Europe nakong ea lilemo tse 800-1000 BC. e.

Lilemong tsa bo-XII e ile tsongoa ka maruarua Sebasque ka Bay tsa Biscay. Ho tloha moo, whaling fallela ka leboea ho ea Greenland. The Danes, lateloa ke maruarua British le tsongoa ka metsi a Arctic. Lebōpong le ka bochabela la North America whalers tlile lilemong tsa bo-XVII. Qalong ea lekholo la tšoanang le ho tšoasa litlhapi e tšoanang e simolohile Japane.

Matsatsing ao likepe ile tsamaea. sailboats Whaling sa le banyenyane, le khanya-mosebetsi le se laolehang habonolo haholo. Ka lebaka leo, tsongoa bowhead maruarua le Biscay le harpoons rowboats letsoho le e hlabiloe tsona ka leoatleng, ho nka feela blubber le whalebone. Ntle le taba ea hore liphoofolo tsena tse nyenyane, ba ne ba u se ke ua khangoa, ho bolaoa, ba ka tlamelloa sekepe le towed lebōpong kapa sekepe. Feela Japanese nkile ho leoatle flotilla tsa likepe tse nyenyane le matlooa.

Ka XVIII le XIX makholo a lilemo, le jeokrafi ea indasteri ea whaling e eketsehile, ho tšoara karolo e ka boroa ea Atlantic, Pacific le Indian maoatle, South Africa le Seychelles.
Ka leboea ho whalers ba ile ba qala ho tsoma le bowhead le maruarua le letona, maruarua leruarua 'me hamorao, ka Greenland, Devisovom Strait le haufi Spitsbergen, ka maoatle ba Beaufort, Bering le Chukchi.

nako e fihlile ea ha harpoon ile qapa moralo e ncha, e leng, le liphetoho tse sa reng letho ntse teng, 'me harpoon sethunya. Pota ka nako e tšoanang likepe sekepe ba ne ba nkeloa sebaka ke mouoane, le lebelo khōlō le maneuverability le haholo e kholoanyane. Tabeng ena, ke ne ke sitoa ho fetola le whaling. lekholong la lilemo la bo19 la lilemo le tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji e entse hore ho felisoe hoo e ka bang ka ho feletseng ea baahi ba boreleli le maruarua bowhead, e le hore ka eena qalong ea lekholo la hlahlamang, ba khaotsa ho ba le whaling British ka Arctic. tsoma setsi ka liphoofolo tse anyesang metsing ba ile ba fallela le Leoatle la Pacific, ho Newfoundland le lebōpong le ka bophirimela la Afrika.

Ka mashome a mabeli lekholong la lilemo la whaling fihla lihlekehlekeng tsa West Antarctic. Large phaphametseng lifektheri ka silafala ruletsweng, likepe hamorao-uterine, le qaleha ea whalers eo ha e sa itšetlehile ka lebōpo la leoatle, ile ea etsa hore ho ne ho bōptjoa ho sebetsa ka fleets mose. mekhoa e mecha ea oli e lokisa leruarua, eo e neng e le lintho tse bonahalang e tala ka tlhahisong ea nitroglycerine ho daenamaete, ile ea etsa hore 'nete ea hore maruarua ba fetohile, har'a lintho tse ling, mefuta e mosolotogamaano phofung.

Ka 1946, ho ile ha thehoa ke Whaling Komisi Machaba, eo hamorao e ileng ea e le 'mele ho sebetsa oa Tumellano ea Machaba bakeng sa Molawana wa Whaling, e neng e kopanela ka hoo e ka bang linaheng tsohle, tsa meepo maruarua.

Ho tloha qalong ea mehla ea whaling khoebo ho fihlela Second Ntoa ea Lefatše, baeta-pele sebakeng sena ba 'nile ba Norway, Great Britain, Holland, USA. Ka mor'a ntoa, ba ile ba nkeloa sebaka ke Japane, lateloa ke Soviet Union.

Harpoons le lithunya harpoon

Ho tloha bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-XIX ho ba teng letsatsi le khoebo whaling hase ntle ho harpoon sethunya.

Norwegian whaler Svend Foyn qapa le harpoon sethunya le moralo e ncha ho eona. E ne e le sebetsa se boima boima ba lik'hilograma tse 50 'me e bolelele ba limithara tse peli, lerumo-liqhomane qetellong ea tse mounted maoto, hula-fatše se ka' mele oa leruarua e, 'me u boloke e le ankora, ho thibela li khangoe ke metsi. Ibid tlamella tšepe lebokose le phofo le sejana se khalase le asiti sulfuric, eo ile a sebeletsa e tsoaka le ha e le setsi qhetsola senola litleneng hare phoofolo e lemetseng. Hamorao, sekepe o ne a nkeloa sebaka ke seqhomane se hōle.

Joaloka pele, 'me hona joale harpoons entseng ho tloha rekere haholo Seswedishe tšepe, ba sa thuheng esita le ha jerks matla ka ho fetisisa Whale. Ka harpoon amanang sehanyata tench makholo a 'maloa limithara tse telele.

Range a betsa sethunya le moqomo bolelele ba hoo e ka bang mitha le bophara ea 75-90 limilimithara le kanaleng fihla limithara tse 25. hole ena e ne e ka ho lekaneng, hobane hangata sekepe a atamela leruarua hoo e ka bang fihla. sethunya pele ne a qosoa ka moqomo, empa moralo qaptjoa smokeless gunpowder fetoha 'me e e-ba qoso breech. Ke moralo harpoon sethunya ho na fapaneng le e libetsa tlwaelehileng ka sighting le bonolo le le mochine thunye, boleng le katleho ea mollo e le pele, 'me hona joale ho itšetlehile ka bokhoni ba harpooner ena.

whaler

Kaha kahong ea mouoane ba pele le ho nehelana ka bobeli mouoane ebe e disele whalers, ho sa tsotellehe tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji, ho melao-motheo ha ea fetoha. whaler tlwaelehileng o hlabang seqha le karolong e ka morao, ho e oele ho pharaletseng cheekbones lebili ho leka-lekana mofuta, ho fana ka e eketsehileng maneuverability, le tlaase haholo lehlakoreng le phahameng forecastle, develops ka lebelo la mafito 20 (naha 37 km SE / h). Steam kapa disele matla dimela e ka 5 likete L.. e. sekepe se a hlomelloa le tsamaya le lisebelisoa ho setjha.

The armament kenyelletsa ditokiseletso lithunya harpoon, leruarua baot tsa hula ho lehlakoreng la konpresser ka pompa moea ka setopo le ho etsa bonnete ba buoyancy lona, esita le Foynom qapa tsamaiso e khopo ho fanyeha le kela liliba le pulleys ho thibela otlile nakong kubelwagon harpooned jerks liphoofolo.

mosebetsi whalers

Liphetoho ka maemo a ba tsoma liphoofolo tse anyesang leoatle, 'me ho bonahala eka whaling keletso polokeho e sa hlokahala. Empa sena se ha ho joalo.

Whaling etsahala ka leboea maoatle lik'hilomithara tse makholo ho tloha lebōpong le ka kapa phaphametseng botlaaseng, 'me hangata nakong sefefo.

Big e matla likepe lebelo tsoma maruarua kgolo. Feela nka ea leruarua le leputsoa morao-rao whaler - tsebo se haholo. 'Me hona joale, ho sa tsotellehe lisebelisoa ho batla, a lutse ka palo ka "lla e sehlaha" sentinel, le harpooner na ho nahana ka tataiso ea motsamao oa phoofolo ea tonanahali le ikamahanya le lebelo la hae, a eme ka madiun ena. E setsomi se nang le phihlelo ka ikarola ka ho feletseng sekepe e le hore hlooho vynyrnuvshego leruarua ho koenya moea e haufi le nko ea sekepe le haufi hore u ka sheba blowhole khōlō phoofolo e. Mothating ona, ho harpooner fetisetsa ho tsamaisoa madiun le matha ho tloha borokho ho sethunya sa. Joale a sa feela basekaseki le mekhatlo a phoofolo a, empa hape e laela le helmsman.

Haeba leruarua zaglotnuv moea, lowers hlooho ea hae tlas'a metsi, ka holim'a bontsha khutlela hae, ka motsotso ona ho harpooner le letlobo, ka hloko ho etsa ho sepheo. Hangata thutsoe mong ha ea lekana, ho vyvazhivayut leruarua e le tlhapi, sekepe se fumana haufi le eena, 'me latelang ho thunngoa se secha.

Setopo baot hula ho fihlela ho holim'a metsi, ka phaephe e moya na le moea 'me a ile a khomarela ka palo le pennant kapa hlasimolla le, e leng e mounted ka fetisang ka, khaola ea lipheletsong tsa mohatla pop lady, khaola ka letlalo la palo seriale le letšehali ho ea ho suthela.

Qetellong ea tsoma litopo tsohle hoholeha ba khethoa le towed ho sekepe-popelo kapa lebōpong le seteishene.

liteishene Coast

Seteisheneng lebōpong le thehoa pota Setlankana kgolo le e matla baot leo maruarua baa tsosoa ho seha le ho chopping lithipa. Mahlakoreng ka bobeli a litanka teng: ka lehlakoreng le leng - bakeng sa ho fetolela le blubber, e mong - bakeng sa kalafo khatello ea nama le masapo. Ka kilns lesapo le nama mafura ka mor'a ho fetolela le omisitsoeng le e sithabetseng ka liketane boima loops, tse emisitswe hara cylindrical sebōpi, 'me joale siloa ho phofo e ka Mills e khethehileng le tletse ka mekotla. Qetile lihlahisoa li boloketsoe ka ho bolokoang thepa e rekisoang le litanka. Ka morao-rao lebōpong-mounted paatsepama autoclave le oa rotary kilns.

Process Control le and analysis blubber phethahatsoa ka laboratori ea lik'hemik'hale.

phaphametseng fektheri

Nakong ea heyday ea lifektheri tse phaphametseng, eo hona joale a shoa ka eona, ba ne ba pele e sebelisoa ke likepe tse khōlō tsa khoebo kapa fihlella tshokolloho mopalami.

setopo e khaola ka metsing, a hloella ka sekepeng feela tse nonneng lera e peretaplivalsya ka boto, 'me litopo tsa bona li ne li lahleloa ka leoatleng ho ea jeoa ke litlhapi. Mashala mehloli ne feela, ha sebaka ka ho lekaneng, ho joalo le ka thepa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea menontsha ka makhotleng a se ke ba beha. Litopo li sebelisoa irrationally, empa lifemeng phaphametseng ne menyetla 'maloa. Pele, se ne se sa lokela ho hira naha bakeng sa seteishene sa lebōpo la leoatle. Ea bobeli, le tsamaiso ya fekthering lumella ho fana ka blubber ho moo o eang teng ka sekepe e tšoanang, ha ho na pompa tsa litanka onshore.

Se ka XX lekholong la lilemo la qala ho haha leoatle whaling likepe tse hlomelloa le theknoloji ea morao-rao, ba ka ho bolokoa metšoasong e khōlō ea mafura le metsi a nooang. Ba ne ba-uterine lijana, tse neng li ngotsoe ke fleets nyane whaling.

Tsela ea theknoloji ea seha le ho e lokisa ea mafura ka lijaneng joalo, ho sa tsotellehe ho se tšoane ha thepa, e ne e le hoo e ka bang ho tsoana le ho liteisheneng mabopong.

lifektheri tse ngata ho na le ne a freezing thepa dele leruarua nama, e leng e sebelisoa ka lijo.

Morao-rao whaling leeto

Morao-rao whaling e felle feela ka ho ditumellano tsa matjhaba ka tšoasa le bolelele ba nako ho tsoma, e leng, leha ho le joalo, ba ne ba sa phethe naheng eohle.

Sebopeho sa whaling leeto sekepe kena ka popelo, 'me tse ling tsa likepe morao-rao whaling, hammoho le kileng ba sebeletsa ba kopanela towing litopo tse phaphametseng ka lifeme le pelehi lijo, mafura le metsi a fanang ka tloha makalana ka likepe ba kopanela ho batla le ho thunngoa maruarua.

Boiteko ba ho ile ha etsoa ho batla maruarua ho tloha moeeng. Ea molemo tharollo e ne e le ho sebelisa liroala-nkhoana le naha ka mokatong oa sekepe se seholo, joalokaha e ile ea Japane.

Lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena, maruarua ba ne ba le e le setsi sa kutloelo-bohloko ea sechaba le tlhokomelo, 'me palo ea mefuta ho fetisisa ka lebaka la ho overhunting nile a tsoela pele ho fokotseha. 'Me sena se ho sa tsotellehe ha e le hantle hore hoo e ka bang mefuta eohle ea lihlahisoa whaling se teng baemeli maiketsetso.

Ka tekanyo e nyenyane, e tsoela pele whaling Norway, ka hare ho tšoasa aboriginal - Greenland, Iceland, Canada, United States, Grenada, Dominica le St. Lucia, Indonesia.

Whaling Japane

Japane, ho fapana ho ea linaheng tse ling, kile ua kopanela whaling, haholo-holo tsa bohlokoa leruarua nama, blubber ebe feela.

Sebōpeho sa maeto a morao-rao Japanese whaling hakaalo kenyeletsa sejana se ka thoko, sehatsetsi, e leng e hoamisoa epilwe kapa rekiloeng ka whalers nama European.

Sebelisa harpoons ho tsoma maruarua le Japanese a qala ikutloeleng qetellong ea lilemo tsa bo-XIX, ho eketsa molumo oa tšoasa ka linako tse ling le ho extending ho tšoasa litlhapi se feela ho Leoatle la Japane, empa hape le lebōpong le ka leboea-bochabela la Leoatle la Pacific.

Morao-rao whaling Japane ho fihlela morao tjena ne a tsepamisitse maikutlo haholo-holo ka ea Antarctic.

Whaling flotilla linaheng tse sa tšoaneng le palo e khōlō ea thepa ea saense. Sonar bontša sebaka ho leruarua le tataiso ea mokhatlo oa lona. selekanyamogote motlakase ka tsela e iketsang e iphumanela ho li fetohele mocheso ka le dikarolo le holim 'a metsi. Ka bathythermograph lekanya litšobotsi tsa matšoele metsi le kabo paatsepama ea mocheso metsing.

Joalo e palo ya thepa morao-rao e etsa hore ho ka khoneha ho lokafatsa Japanese whaling saense boleng ya data le pata tsoma bakeng sa thibela International Whaling Komisi ho khoebo tšoasa mefuta e.

mekhatlo e mengata bao e seng ea 'muso lefatšeng ho pota, haholo-holo US le Australia, ba hanyetsang Japane ho sireletsa le kotsing ka seoelo mefuta ea maruarua.

Australia o ile a khona ho ea ka liqeto tsa Lekhotla la Tsa Machaba, eo e hanela Japane ho khanna whaling ka Antarctic.

Japane tsoma maruarua le libanka bona, a hlalosa ea ka lineano tsa metseng e lebōpong la leoatle ea baahi. Empa ho tšoasa litlhapi aboriginal lumelloa batho feela eo nama leruarua ke o mong oa mefuta e ka sehloohong ea lijo.

Whaling Russia

Pele ho Revolutionary Russia e ne e se har'a baeta-pele ba whaling. maruarua Prey Pomors lebelelitsoe, baahi ba Kola Hloahloeng le Chukotka matsoalloa.

Whaling ka USSR ka nako e telele, ho tloha ka 1932, ho 'nile ha concentrated ka Bochabela bo Hōle. Pele whaling flotilla "Aleut" e ne e ena e meraro kitobazy le whalers. Ka mor'a hore ntoa e Pacific sebetsa 22 whaling sejana le tse hlano ka ho seha makalana mabopong, 'me ka 60s -. Kitobazy "Bochabela bo Hōle" le "Khabarovsk"

Ka 1947, o ile a mabōpong a sa Antarctic whaling likepe "Khanya", le ileng la a fumana ho tswa ho Jeremane ka reparations. sebopeho lona ile sebetsana depo sekepe le 8 whalers.

Ka bohareng ba XX lekholong la lilemo la e sebakeng se ba qalile whaling flotilla "Union Ukraine" le "Soviet Russia", 'me e nyenyane hamorao "Yury Dolgoruky" le makalana a lefatše kholo ka ho fetisisa phaphametseng, tse reretsoeng ho sebetsa ho fihlela ho 75 maruarua ka letsatsi.

Hole whaling Soviet Union e lala ka 1987. Ka mor'a hore Soviet hatisitsoeng ya data ka ditlolo tsa fleets Union IWC quotas.

Kajeno, e le karolo ea lihlapi aboriginal ka Chukotka ikemetseng ka Setereke khanna mabopong hlahisoeng ha palo ya maruarua bohlooho le beluga maruarua ka tumello ea IWC ntshitsweng Rosrybolovstvo.

bofello

Ha thibelo ea ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa khoebo, o qalile ho hlaphoheloa palo ea humpbacks le maruarua a maputsoa libakeng tse ling tsa maoatleng.
Empa baahi ba maruarua le letona ka ea Lefatše e ka leboea ba ntse ba tlas'a tšokelo ea ho fela. Kameho e tšoanang ke bowhead maruarua a Leoatle Okhotsk le maruarua bohlooho ka leboea-bophirimela Leoatle la Pacific. E ka 'na le morao haholo ho emisa ho timetsoa ha barbaric ea liphoofolo tse anyesang tsena metsing.