Moralo toluene: se toluene, le mokhoa oa ho fumana eona?

Arena, tse akarelletsang toluene, ka ho nkoa e le derivatives ea mothehi le setho sa pele sa letoto la lihlooho tse homologous - benzene. The moralo kakaretso oa metsoako eo ho matleng a sehlopha sena, - _C-n H _2n-6. Ka limolek'hule tsa hydrocarbons nkhang hamonate e ne e ena benzene lesale (lesale mantlha). Moralo toluene C ₇ H _{ea 8} bontša dintho bao e leng sehlopha sena kgolo ya metsoako manyolo. Ba bangata ba toluene o tsejoa tlas'a lebitso fapaneng - methylbenzene. ntho e fetohileng ho atile ho indasteri, e sebelisoa e le solvent le manyolo, mme letheba remover bakeng sa merero e meng.

toluene ke eng?

arenes 'ngoe ea bohlokoa - toluene - ke methylene sehlahisoa sa benzene. Metsi-insoluble colorless mokelikeli nang le tsona e le monko o monate re hopotsang pente, lacquers, solvents.

Lik'hemik'hale moralo toluene - C ₇ H ₈ - ka 'na ho ngoloa ka tsela e fapaneng: C ₆ H ₅ -CH _3. Tabeng ena, palo ea liathomo ntse e tšoanang empa fapana le haholo ho tloha benzene, e leng khōlō - methylene.

Ho sebelisa melao-motheo ea tse ling tsa nomenclature, komponeng e bitsoa methylbenzene le fenilmetanom. Sena ke toluene tšoanang, tsela eo ka kakaretso e C ₇ H _8. Tabeng pele e neng e bua haholo ka taba ea hore athomo hydrogen e mong ho ba amanang le carbon tsa benzene lesale e ka go engwa legatong ke methylene khōlō. Bakeng sa lebitso la bobeli khethiloeng ka tsela e fapaneng. Ho lumeloa hore methane e mong hydrogen e nkeloa sebaka ke e phenyl khōlō. phatsa ena, e sokolohela benzene, e fana ka athomo hydrogen.

sebopeho limolek'hule

Sebopeho sa taba e manyolo, bopilweng feela tsa carbon le liathomo hydrogen, bontša toluene moralo. Sharosterzhnevye le bophahamo ba modumo dikai fa e le maikutlo a ea sebopeho sa molek'hule oa motsoako, e le tšoane le dintho tsa tšoanang homologous series. Ho na le ho tšoana ho pakeng tsa toluene le benzene, e leng ho ba teng ha ka lesale la 6 k'habone liathomo, ka boemo ba sp, ² hybridization. E mong le e ba tsena litlamo liforomo tse tharo Sigma ka likaroloana tsa boahelani (tse peli tse liathomo k'habone le hydrogen e mong). Perpendicular lesale le hlaha le 'ngoe ea elektronike tsamaiso ea ea setseng bao e seng lebasetere leq-orbitals (ngoe liathomo tse tsheletseng k'habone). Phello e ba matla bohlokoa le botsitso ba potoloho kaofela, 'me ka hona ho toluene ntho. Tsela eo mehaho e kenyeletsa metsoako bosupa k'habone ho tswa ho sehlopha, methyl, eo e kgona ho sp, ³ hybridization. Le amana le liathomo hydrogen e meraro, 'me kamano e bone qeta ka motsoako le k'habone le se seng ka benzene lesale.

Kagego moralo methylbenzene

The segokanyipalo sa le elektrone e pakeng tsa liathomo k'habone hore theha reng hamonate, e aba evenly. ketsahalo e bonahatsoa Mokgwa wa ho Nahana benzene, toluene, le tse ling tse le tlwaetsego arenes aromaticity (the sedikiso lesale la). E o ile a hlokomela 'me ho ba teng ha, methyl khōlō ho e mong oa liathomo k'habone ka khubung ea. Puisano pakeng tsa likaroloana tsohle tse bontšitsoeng ke dashes. Tsela eo mehaho tabeng ena bontša ea ho hlophisoa le likarolo tsa motheo tsa sebopeho limolek'hule tsa taba.

Nolofalitse toluene moralo - ka lesale hare khutlothataro kapa dashes, ke tlamo e habeli. Sehlopha methylene ka be leha e le efe ea nuclei tse tsheletseng athomo, ba lekana le e mong. The bozangi litomba ya mokhoa ona setšoantšo e hlakile. Rekoto ea ha e fana ka tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le ea ho hlophisoa ha taba le ditekani tsohle litlamo k'habone-k'habone ka lesale la.

Ho methylbenzene ka liteko tsa laboratori le indasteri

Ka laboratoring, e leng toluene ile pele a fumana lilemong tse 1835-1938 P. Pelletier me A. Deville. The bo-rasaense ba pele ba ho distillation tsa phaene chepisi, 'me ea bobeli e sebediswa tolu balsame ntšitsoeng ea Amerika Boroa sefate Toluifera ka Colombia. Kahoo ho na le e ne e le lebitso la tloaelehile hore ntho e - toluene. Jwale palo e khōlō ea methylbenzene fana distillation tsa oli e tala le mashala sekontiri, lateloa ke ho itlhoekisa. Mosebetsing oa ho coking, toluene e tlosoa ho Coke ontong khase. Ka tswakana tsa styrene e lokolloa ka byproduct ba itsoara joang ka tsa benzene le ethylene. Ka liteko tsa laboratori le indasteri fumana toluene entsoeng ke mekhoa e fapa-fapaneng.

1. Dehydrocyclization tsa hydrocarbons acyclic. Toluene ne a lokisitsoeng tloha heptane ka ho ba teng ha sethothetsi e ka mocheso oa 300 C °.
2. Alkylation tsa benzene, e neng e bitsoa Friedel-Crafts itšoara joang. Phethahatsoa ka pel'a AlCl3 sethothetsi kapa ho etswa ha ling tsa: C ₆ H ₅ -H + CH ₃ CL = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + HCl.
3. Sebelisana le bromobenzene: C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ -Br + -Br + 2Na = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + 2NaBr.
4. Ho kopanya zinki le cresol: C ₆ H ₄ CH ₃ OH + Zn = C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ + ZnO.
5. Sebetsana acid e toluenesulfonic.

Dipharologantsho meleng methylbenzene

Toluene, le mehaho moralo ea eona e na le benzene khubu, hlahisa thepa 'meleng tse tloaelehileng tsa metsoako nkhang hamonate.

1. Sebeletsang pepeneneng colorless mokelikeli enke ntša monko.
2. Methylbenzene lona o thatafalang ka thempereichara e tlaase 'me a qala ho qhibiliha ka -93 ° C.
3. toluene reflux mocheso oa 110,63 ° C. ntho segokanyipalo - 0,8669 g, / ml tse.
4. Methylbenzene Solubility ka metsi ka mocheso oa e 20 ° C - 0,47 g, / k. Molare boima ba ntho M (C ₇ H ₈₎ = 92.14 g, / Mol.

The thepa lik'hemik'hale tsa toluene: ho kena moea

Properties tsa arenes ikemiselitse potoloho lik'hemik'hale tsitsitseng ea liathomo tse tsheletseng k'habone. Moralo toluene - ke benzene lesale e unsaturated molao le methylene khōlō. hydrocarbons nkhang hamonate ka thepa e tšoanang le alkenes, tse tšoauoa ka e phaella moo itšoara joang. Leha ho le joalo, le liathomo hydrogen ka limolek'hule tsa benzene le homologues lona ba ka kenya letsoho ka liphetoho tloswa, eo e tlisa le alkanes lebaleng la boithabiso. Toluene ke arabelang fetang benzene. Bakeng sa e tloaelehileng ea moemeli ho kena moea itšoara joang.

1. Tukang, e leng e tsamaea le ho lokolloa ha carbon dioxide le sebopeho sa metsi: C ₇ H ₈ + 9O ₂ = 7CO ₂ + 4H ₂ O.
2. Ka itšoara joang ea toluene le permanganate potassium oxidizes lihlopha methylene ka lehlakoreng le ketane ea molek'hule ho carboxyl ntho. Itsoara joang ka ea acid e benzoic e fumana.

lik'hemik'hale toluene nkhang hamonate khubung

1. Bromination, e khannoa ka ho ba teng ha ho etswa ha. lintho tse bonahalang Halogenated Ho thehoa: C ₇ H ₈ + BR ₂ = C ₇ H ₇ BR + HBr.
2. methylbenzene Nitration o etsoang tsoa le e motsoako oa nitric concentrated le acid sulfuric. The nitro sehlopha ka toluene ka lula le ortho le le para maemo a. Ba itšoara joang o tsoela pele ho ea ka mochine oa tloswa electrophilic. trinitrotoluene (TNT), o phatlohang e thehoa ka mocheso phahameng.
3. Hydrogenation tsa hydrogen ka sethothetsi e isang ba lokisetsa ho ea dearomatization le methylcyclohexane: C ₇ H ₈ + 3H ₂ = C ₇ H _14.
4. Chlorination ka futhumatsang ka matla kapa ka UV mahlaseli phethoa foromo hexachlorocyclohexane.

kopo methylbenzene

Toluene ho pharaletseng sebelisoa e le lintho tse bonahalang e le e tala ka tswakana manyolo. O ke lintho tse bonahalang bohlokoa ho hlahisa lintho tse ngata. Tshebediso ya toluene:

• ho fumana lidae;
• ho etsa thepa letheba o tlosang, detergents;
• Proizvodnje tsa liqhomane TNT;
• sebelisa likhomaretsi ka solvent, pente, litlolo tse nkhang hamonate tsa maiketsetso 'me hloekisa mahlahana;
• tlhahiso ea pente bakeng sa mesebetsi ea kaho;
• khumo tsa manala;
• meriana;
• eketsa mafura a octane;
• manyolo tswakana benzoic acid e, benzaldehyde, benzyl chloride, saccharin, benzyl joala le lintho tse ling;

Liketso toluene e le solvent indasteri ka indasteri e omeletseng ho hloekisa, le sebelisitsoe ka tanning tsa matlalo. Ke selelekela sa tse 'maloa tsa lihlahisoa tsa oli, phenol, formaldehyde, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le metsoako e meng.

toluene toxicity

Methylbenzene ntho e kotsi e ka mollo. Motsoako mouoane-moea ea phatloha ka tlas'a maemo a itseng. Toluene e chang mokelikeli. Tsela eo mehaho fana ka e le maikutlo a ea ho hlophisoa le sebopehong, empa ha e na le tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le liphello tsa lintho tse ka 'mele oa motho. E ile ea fumana hore toluene ke nang le chefo e, carcinogenic bohato. Banyalani ba methylbenzene habonolo phunyeletse ka letlalo la, tsamaiso matšoafo, etsang hore liphetoho tse ka tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng, ho teneha a apere seaparo sa dinama tse nyenyane tse, dermatitis. Ha hema mouoane ya toluene batho bonahala lethargy, ha thothomela hohle, phytoteratology mosebetsi oa sethusathuto le skeletal. Sebetsa le toluene, pente, solvents hlokahala hore re apare litlelafo rabara, ka ho feletseng ventilate ka kamoreng kapa sebelisa Hood ena. Methylbenzene fokola narcotic ntho, e etsa hore ho sebelisa lithethefatsi toluene. mefuta e meng ea sephetho e mpe ea lithethefatsi:

• leihlo ho teneha le ho khathatsoa ke pono 'mala;
• nako e telele ho pepesehela ka etsa hore utloa ke tahlehelo;
• mahloriso phahameng ea mali e bakang tšenyo e sebete, a liphio necrosis;
• Inhalation ya palo e khōlō ea mouoane isang ho tsekela, ho otsela, hlooho e opang.

bofello

Toluene hlahisoang ka bongata ka dimela peterolo kapa fumana e le dimela ka sehlahisoa Coke. The komponeng ke ea bohlokoa e tala lintho tse bonahalang bakeng sa khōlō tswakana manyolo sebediswa ho indasteri e etsang meriana. Kenyelleditswe methylbenzene tsa mefuta e mengata ea solvents, tse sebediswa ka ho sebetsa le pente. Toluene bua ka tlhophiso ea metsoako chefo ho III sehlopha sa ba kotsi. Ha ho sebetsa le ntho e ea mahloriso ea mouoane moeeng ba lokela ho sa feteng a hlile a ikemiselitse melawana bohloeki. Re ka ke a lumella hore ho tshwara la toluene ponahalo ea malakabe bulehileng, litlhase, ho ka etsa hore phatloha. Ho na le boetse ho na le litaba tsa tikoloho tse amanang le ho lokolloa ha toluene sepakapakeng:

• ke tukang oli, tuki fapaneng;
• ka foqoha seretse se chesang a sebetsang a;
• ka mello moru;
• sebelisa solvents le pente.

The thepa chefo ea kotsi toluene, mollo le phatloha hloka precautionary kalafo mokelikeli ntho me mouoane lona.