Mohaho ka hare tsa lihahabi le. Bokhoni ba ho phela lihahabi

Lihahabi ba haholo hlophisitse sehlopha sa ea liphoofolo vertebrate, e akarelletsang 9.400 mefuta, ba ba tataise fatše, bonyane seka-metsing phela ka eona. Sehloohong sena, re hlahloba sebopeho hare le mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ea lihahabi, hammoho le hlahlobeng tse ling tsa lintho tse amanang le dikamohelo tikoloho.

Skeleton le mesifa ea lihahabi

Ho fapana le sehahabi, lihahabi lesapo la mokokotlo e na le sebopeho rarahaneng le bopilwe ka cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral le caudal sebakeng. Thoracic vertebrae di amanang le likhopo le etsa morpheme. Ho sieo ka linoha, empa mokokotlo bona e na le ho fihlela ho 500 vertebrae. Ka mekholutsoane, ho fapana le linoha, hantle ntshetswa pele sefubeng, 'me mohatla lesapo la mokokotlo e fapaneng: ho tswa vertebrae caudal na le lera ya lefufuru dinama tse nyenyane tse,' me ho ka ba bonolo o tla timetsoa. Tshebetso ena o bitsoa autotomy. Ho na le boleng e sireletsang: phoofolo phonyohang meno e liphoofolo tse li jang, ho lahleheloa ke karolo ea mohatla oa eona. Tsamaiso ea mesifa e lihahabi e rarahaneng haholo.

Hona ho sebetsa, ka holim'a tsohle, thoracic mesifa intercostal amehang ho hema. Bohlokoa ntshetsopeleng mandibular mesifa le mesifa ea maoto le matsoho khama e tšehali e ka lihahabi joalo joaloka mekholutsoane le likoena. Anatomically rarahaneng haholo sebopeho hare tsa lihahabi (sheba tafole ka tlase) ke ka lebaka la aromorphoses le dikamohelo hore li hlahile ka phelang tsena nakong iphetola ha lintho.

litho tsa ka hare ho potoloha ha mali

Mathata a ea mokhatlo oa lihahabi amme le tsamaiso ea pelo le methapo. Re tsoela pele ho hlahloba ka hare le kantle sebōpeho sa lihahabi le, tsepamisa maikutlo tabeng makgetheng lona le amanang ho potoloha ha mali dithulaganyo tshilong ya dijo. lihahabi metabolism tlase itšetlehile ka mocheso le ambient feta ka sehahabi. Leha ho le joalo, lihahabi, le sehahabi kang tse phelang poikilothermic, 'me ba na le mocheso Optimum ka mefuta e fapaneng - 22 ho ea + 38 likhato +. tshebediso ya lihahabi matla ka tlaase ho feta ea sehahabi. Sena ke ka lebaka la ho rarahana e ntseng e eketseha ea sebopeho ea pelo, hammoho le a leeme karohano ka ho sa ajoa ea bohlokoa le mali venous. Features ya sebopeho hare tsa lihahabi le, tafole e bontšitsoeng tlaase mona, li bontša hore lihahabi na ajoa tse peli. tsamaiso e khopo bona ho potoloha ha mali e koetsoeng, ho na le e ka lipelong tsa dia fella, e leng ho feletseng overgrown le likoena, ho boloka le lesoba pakeng tsa le letšehali le lehlakoreng le letona.

Ba ka sehloohong ho potoloha ha mali lekala e na le atria tse peli le ventricle. mali ea bohlokoa bo bokella ka karolong e ka holimo ea ventricle e, kena e tsoa atrium letšehali le venous - ho tloha ho le letona. Kahoo, ka e ka tlaase le letona mixes ventricular mali. Nakong systole, mali oxygenated e pushed ka ho le letona aortic khoro. Tsoakiloeng mali ho tloha lehlakoreng le letona la ya ventricle letšehali kena ka khoro aortic, le venous - ho tloha halofo tlase - le mothapo methapo. Le hoja, ka ho hlahloba sebopeho hare tsa lihahabi, 'me tse pedi puo ka ajoa systemic, ho ke ke ho hlokahala hore ho nka hloko hore ba ke ke ba nkoa e ikemetseng e le ea bohlokoa' me mali venous ba tsoakane ka dorsal aorta.

lihahabi pelvic liphio

Mohaho ka hare tsa lihahabi le e tšoauoa ka ho eketseha rarahaneng ka sebōpeho sa e mong oa tsamaiso ea pele - excretion, ke tsoelo-pele ea metanephric - pelvic liphio. Ba leng teng ka lehlakoreng ventral ba beisine ka mahlakoreng a mabeli ba cloaca ea, o tlohang ka oona ka ureters ena. Ho na le boetse ho na le senya. Linoha le likoena e anatomically hampe hlalosoa. Ka lihlahisoa tsa lihahabi phapanyetsano, ho fapana ho liphoofolo tse anyesang ntle urea jwale, le asiti uric.

Joang tshilo ya dijo

lihahabi fetisisa ke carnivores, le hoja lihahabi kang mokholutsoane ka potlako, sekolopata steppe, 'me hape ho fepa dimela le. Ka ho ithuta sebōpeho hare tsa lihahabi le, ho hlakile hore tube tshilong ya dijo nang palo litšobotsi morphological amanang le ho rarahana e akaretsang ea mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng. Kahoo, ba ile ba thehoa mahalapa a mahareng. E thehoa ka masapo le arola cavity molomo ho tswa ho litemana nasopharyngeal qalang ka 'metso funnel lihlopha - mahareng choanae. The mala ke lihahabi pele hlaha cecum. Tshilong ya dijo litsoelesa: sebete le manyeme, ho hlahisa enzyme le bile emulsifies lipids. Marako tsa metso le mala na mesifa le letšo-letšo, e leng bohlokoa ka ho khetheha bakeng sa mefuta e engole lijo kakaretso (mohlala, linoha) kapa likotoana kgolo (likoena). Ka libuka sekolong sa baeloji, ho ithuta sebopeho hare tsa lihahabi (Kereiti ya 7), e na le haholo ka lintlha tse thahasellisang mabapi le thepa e sehahabi. Mohlala, likoena le likolopata ka 'na ba liphoofolo tse sa tsohle tse ling vertebrate ba se na lijo, lapile ho likhoeli tse tšeletseng. Bakeng sa e tloaelehileng tshilo ya dijo linoha hloka mocheso ho ambient se ka tlase 22 - 25 ° C, ho seng joalo ho kgaotsa litsoelesa tshilong ya dijo hlahisa enzyme, 'me lijo tsa metsoa kaofela, ha ho thuisoa,' me a qala ho bola ka mpeng, e leng e etsa hore chefo le lefu la phoofolo.

potoloho ea bophelo

Tsoele pele ho ithuta sebōpeho ka hare le bokhoni ba ho phela lihahabi, nahana ka liphetoho tse ka linako tse itseng ka ho ontogeny bona. Ba ka lebaka la ho liphetoho a mocheso idioadaptatsy (letsatsi le letsatsi le cyclicity ka linako tse itseng). Ka mohlala, ka bohareng ba bo-selemo lihahabi lebisa phela bophelo mafolofolo, ho tloha motšehare, ha mobu le moea e lekaneng thabisa tsoha.

Ka July - mathoasong a August, boholo ba liphoofolo tse ngata tse mafolofolo hoseng kapa mantsiboea, le motšehare o moholo ba oela boemong ba ho phomola. Mariha ka latitudes mocheso lihahabi hibernate, ipatile crevices, mekoti ka kapa tlas'a metso ea lifate. Estivation bath ea mefuta ea lihahabi, eo ka nako ena, khaello ea lijo.

Molting ka lihahabi

Cyclically le hlaha ka liphoofolo tse le thulaganyo molting - fetola letlalo ommeng koahetsoe ke flaps kapa sekala geile. E boetse e itšetlehile ka mocheso le ambient. Linoha le mekholutsoane molt li feletseng, tabeng ena, a fetola letlalo kaofela, e bitsoang Nightcrawlers. Ka likoena nako le nako exfoliated sekala motho - osteoderms. Ka likolopata exfoliate libakeng letlalo hore ba sa sirelelitsoe korapaksom le phelang metsing molt hang hlahelle.

sehahabi ho ikatisa

Ke dithulaganyo cyclic liphoofolo phelang le bolela mosebetsi ho ikatisa, e leng o boetse o laolwa ka mocheso ambient. Lefa a lebisa tlhokomelo ho peculiarities ya Sebopeho hare tsa lihahabi le. Tafole ka tlase e tiisa hore lihahabi ke liphoofolo tse dioecious, tse tsejoang ka manyolo ka hare.

Ka mor'a hae, tse tšehali le larileng ka mahe a koahetsoeng ka mekholutsoane, likolopata le linoha letlalo khetla, 'me likoena o kalaka. lihahabi 'maloa tse kang adder, hatching mahe ka har'a' mele. Leseli bonahala pups 12, tseo hang-hang ba qala ho fela. tsamaiso e khopo e motona ho ikatisa emeloang ke testes di behuwe ka bobedi, vas deferens le volfovyh le kanaleng phallang ka cloaca ena. tšehali e ba le para ea mae a bomme. Jajtceprovoda ho ba le mekoti funnel e bōpehileng joaloka di hape kenyelelitsoe cloaca ena.

tsamaiso ea methapo le litho tsa ka hare le kutloisiso ea

Mohaho ka hare tsa lihahabi le ne e ke ke ka ho feletseng ntle le ho ithuta innervation litho le mesebetsi ya analyzers ena. boko o na le mohaho o rarahaneng.

Amanang ka litsi cortex fana ntshetsopeleng ya reflexes masusu ea tsamaiso. makala a bona, ho utloa, ho fofonela, tšoara ka ho lekaneng ntshetswa pele. Linoha 'me ba bang mekholutsoane, tse kang gare dit shila, ho parietal leihlo, e leng' mele oa photosensitive.