Mocheso enjene: potoloho, le bokgoni ba ho etsa mosebetsi oa. mathata a tikoloho ea mechine mogote. ke eng e - se setle sa mocheso enjene?

Ho hlokahala hore ho sebelisa matla a ho phetha molao feela tlhahiso e ile ea etsa hore ho hlaha ha mechine mogote.

The ya ka yuniti ya dienjini mocheso

Mocheso enjene (mocheso enjene) - mochine bakeng sa ho fetola eneji, le ka hare ka eneji, le ho phetha molao feela.

Leha e le enjene mocheso o na le hitara, ea mokelikeli ho sebetsa (khase kapa mouoane), e etsa mosebetsi oa ka futhumatsang (sephetho chenchana tsa turbine theko, susumeletsa ho piston, joalo-joalo) le sehatsetsi. Palo tlase bontša thalo ya enjene mocheso.

Basics mehato ea dienjini mocheso

E mong le e mocheso tshebetsong enjene e loketseng ho enjene. Ho etsa mosebetsi o lokela ho ka mahlakoreng a ya enjene piston kapa turbine-blades ne khatello ea phapang. phapang ena e fihlellwa ka dienjini tsohle mocheso ka tsela e latelang: ho sebetsa mokelikeli mocheso e eketsehile ho tse makholo kapa tse likete tse likhato bapisoa le mocheso ambient. Ka turbines khase le dienjini combustion e ka hare (leqhoa) ke ho eketseha ha mocheso ka lebaka la ho 'nete ea hore mafura a chesoa ka hare ho enjene. Sehatsetsi ka sebetsa sepakapaka kapa sesebediswa morero o khethehileng bakeng sa condensing le Cooling ho qeta monono mouoane.

Carnot potoloho

Potoloho (cyclic thulaganyou e) - sete ya liphetoho khase boemo, ho fellang ka ho se a khutlela mmuso ea pele (ka ho phetha mosebetsi). Ka 1824, e leng French fisiks Sadi Karno bontšitse hore ho molemo ho mocheso enjene potoloho (e Carnot potoloho), eo na le e hlophisitsweng, tse peli - e isothermal le adiabatic. Palo tlase bontša sa kerafo ya Carnot potoloho: 1-2 'me 3-4 - isotherm, 2-3 le 4-1 - adiabatic.

Ho latela molao oa paballo ea matla mosebetsing oa mocheso dienjini tse somago enjene ke:

A = Q ₁ - Q _2,

₁ moo Q - palo ea mocheso e ka amohela ho beha sefuthumatsi, 'me ₂ Q - palo ea mocheso o chesa ho sehatsetsi ka.
Bokgoni ke karo-karolelano ea ho mocheso enjene tshebetso A eo a phethisa enjene ho lenane la mocheso e fumaneha hitara ka:

η = A / Q = (Q ₁ - Q ₂₎ / Q ₁ = 1 - Q ₂ / Q _1.

Ka "Mehopolo ka sepheo se matla a mollo 'me ka mechine hore ba khona ho ntshetsa pele lebotho la sena" (1824) o ile a hlalosa ka Carnot mocheso enjene tlas'a lebitso la "se loketseng mocheso enjene ka khase loketseng, e le' mele oa ho sebetsa." Ka lebaka la melao ea thermodynamics ka sebetswa ka bokgoni (ho palo e kahodimodimo ho khoneha) le mocheso enjene hitara eo e 'nile ea e mocheso T _1, le sehatsetsi haotse le mocheso T _2. Carnot mocheso enjene bokgoni ke:

_{η, max} = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T ₁ = 1 - T ₂ / T _1.

Sadi Carnot ile a bontša hore seo u se batlang oa sebele mocheso enjene e sebetsang le hitara ka mocheso T _1, le sehatsetsi ka mocheso T ₂ ke sa khone ho na le bokgoni tse neng li tla feta ka bokgoni ba ho enjene mocheso (loketseng).

Hare enjene go tuka ga molelo (leqhoa)

Mane leqeba combustion e ka hare enjene kenyelletsa ditokiseletso diselennere le 'ngoe kapa ho feta, e piston, ka mochine crank, ho noa le ho qeta monono di-valve, tlhase.

Potoloho ea ho sebelisa mehaho e na le lichapo tse 'nè:

1) ea anyang - motsoako combustible fetisa ka belofo ka silindara sa;
2) Compression - di-valve bobeli koaloa;
3) leqeba - combustion e le ho phatloha ya motsoako combustible;
4) fuputse metjha - ho lokolloa qeta monono likhase sepakapakeng.

turbine mouoane

The turbine mouoane eneji, le ho sokoloha le hlaha ka lebaka la phapang ea likhatello mouoane ea metsi ka lesoba le sehokelo.
Matla a turbines morao-rao mouoane fihle 1.300 MW.

Ba bang ba botekgeniki entsprechen ea mouoane turbine ea 1200 MW

• Mouoane khatello ea (a hloekileng) - 23,5 MPa.
• Steam mocheso - 540 ° C.
• Steam phallo turbine - 3600 limithara / H.
• Male rotor lebelo - 3000 Tšen / mets.
• The mouoane khatello ea ka condenser - 3,6 kPa.
• turbine Length - 47,9 m.
• Misa turbine - 1900 m.

Thermal mochini na le e konpresser moea, combustor le khase turbine. Tšebetso: adiabatically moea e antseng ka konpresser, kahoo mocheso lona o tsosoa ho 200 ° C kapa ho feta. Ka mor'a moo, moea a petetswa kena ka kamoreng go tuka ga molelo moo phahameng khatello ea ka nako fuoa mafura mokelikeli - parafine oli photogen mafura. Ha combustion e moeeng e halefile ho mocheso oa 1500-2000 ° C, ho atolosa le lebelo eketseha lona. Moea susumelletsa ka se phahameng lebelo le lihlahisoa combustion li tsamaisoa ka turbine ena. Ka mor'a phetoho ea ho tloha sethaleng ho di-blades sethaleng combustion e turbine fa eneji, le lona kinetic. Karolo ea matla a ile a fumana ka ho turbine ke konpresser chenchana; ba bang kaofela e ile a qeta ka ho chenchana tsa male rotor motlakase, masokoana lifofane kapa sejana, mabili a koloi e.

The turbine khase ka sebelisoa, ntle sefofane rotational le mabili a koloi kapa masokoana ba sekepe, e le enjene jete. Moea le combustion e likhase tse tsoibitsoe ka phahameng lebelo ho tloha turbine sa khase, kahoo, sefofane sa jete qheletseng eo hlaha tshebetso ena e ka sebelisoa ho susumetsa lifofane (lifofane) le metsi (sekepe) likepe, sa terene lipalangoang. Mohlala, turboprops e na le lifofane AN-24, AN-124 ( "Ruslan"), AN-225 ( "Dream"). Kahoo, "Toro ea" ka sefofane lebelo la 700-850 km SE / H khonang ho jara boima ba lithane tse 250 tsa thepa tse fetang e leng sebaka sa hoo e ka bang 15,000 km. Ho ke ke ha e kholo ka ho fetisisa ho tsamaisa lifofane ka lefatše.

mathata a tikoloho ea mechine mogote

Great ama boemo ba leholimo ke maemo a sepakapakeng, haholo-holo ho ba teng ha carbon dioxide le mouoane ea metsi. Kahoo, phetoho ka dikahare carbon dioxide e etsa hore keketseho kapa fokotseha ha e le hantle ho la sethopo, eo ho eona carbon dioxide e monyang tse ling tsa mocheso bo hlahang ka sebaka lefatše, le tieho e eketseha sepakapakeng 'me kahoo le mocheso holim ebile sepakapaka tlaase. Lipono tse makatsang tsa phello e la sethopo e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho go fokotsa boemo ba leholimo. Le sieo lona, ka karolelano mocheso oa lefatše o ne a ke +15 ° C ka tlaase le e ka 30-40 ° C.

ka lefatše ho na le hona joale ba fetang limilione tse 300 mefuta e sa tšoaneng tsa likoloi, e leng etsa ho feta halofo ea tšilafalo eohle moeeng.

Tse fetang 1 selemo sepakapakeng ho tloha le matla a mogote ho tswa ho go tuka ga molelo tsa mafura e abetswe boima ba lithane tse limilione tse 150 tsa oxides sebabole, boima ba lithane tse limilione tse 50 tsa oxide e naetrojene, boima ba lithane tse limilione tse 50 tsa molora, boima ba lithane tse limilione tse 200 tsa carbon monoxide, boima ba lithane tse limilione tse 3 Feona.

Sebopeho sa sepakapaka kopanyeletsa ozone, e teea tsohle bophelo lefatšeng ho tswa kotsi liphello tsa mahlaseli mahlaseli. . Ka 1982, John Farman, le mofuputsi British, ho ile ha fumanoa tse fetang Antarctica ozone lesoba - phokotseho nakoana oa ozone dikahare ka sepakapakeng. Ka tlhōrō ea la ozone le lesoba 7 October 1987 palo ea ozone ka e fokotseha ka makhetlo a 2. Ozone lesoba mohlomong se ile sa fella ho tloha anthropogenic lintlha, tse neng li akarelletsa tšebeliso ea indasteri ea chloride-fupereng freons (CFC), e leng ha a timetsa lera la ozone. Leha ho le joalo, thuto ea bo-1990. ha o ile a tiisa pono ena. Ho fetisisa ka etsahala hore ebe, ho hlaha ha ka sekoting ozone ha se amanang ho mesebetsi ea batho, 'me ke tshebetso tsa tlhaho. Ka 1992, la ozone le lesoba ho ile ha fumanoa ho fetela ho Arctic.

Ha bokella tsohle sepakapakeng lera la ozone le ka holimo Lefatše le thicken ho segokanyipalo a moea ka khatello ea sepakapaka le mocheso oa ka 0 ° C, joale ozone thebe botenya ke feela 2-3 limilimithara! Ke thebe eohle.

A batla a ea histori ...

• July 1769. Paris Meudon phakeng sesole moenjiniere NZ Kyunyo ho "mollo kariki", e neng e ena le enjene e 'meli-silindara mouoane, mohlape ka mashome a seng makae tsa limithara tse.
• 1885. Karl Benz, moenjiniere Jeremane, e hahiloeng ka lekhetlo la pele ba bane-mabili peterole koloing Motorwagen matla a 0.66 KW, e 29 January 1886 o ile a fumana litokelo tsa molao le. Machine lebelo ne 15-18 km SE / H.
• 1891. Gottlieb Daimler, e Jeremane moqapi, etsoa ka motlakase khanna matla 2,9 KW (4 horsepowers) ka koloing. The lebetsoeng le lebelo la ho koloi finyellang 10 km SE / H, le bokgoni ba ho fapaneng dikai ena e tsoang ho 2 ho 5 boima ba lithane tse.
• 1899. Belgian K. Zhenattsi ka koloing ea hae, "Jamet Contant" ( "mohla khotsofatsoa") bakeng sa lekhetlo la pele a tšela 100-kilometer dari mola lebelo.

Mehlala ea mathata a rarolla

Bothata 1. The mocheso oa hitara loketseng enjene mocheso o lekana le 2000 K, 'me mocheso sehatsetsi - 100 ° C. Ho bona hore bokgoni le.

tharollo:
The moralo oo rerang ho ka bokgoni ba ho enjene mocheso (palo e kahodimodimo):

N = T ₁ T ₂ / T _1.
N = (2000K - 373K) / 2000 K = 0,81.

A: enjene bokgoni - 81%.

Bothata 2. Mocheso enjene 200 KJ la mocheso ile fumanoa ka combustion e mafura, 'me ka isoa batang 120 KJ mocheso. Seo ha e le ka bokgoni ba ho enjene?

tharollo:
The mokgwa wa ho laola bokgoni ke ya foromo ena:

N = Q1 - Q2 / Q1.
N = (2 × 10 ⁵ J - 1.2: x 10 ⁵ J) / 2: x 10 ⁵ J = 0,4.

A: The bokgoni mogote ea enjene - 40%.

Bothata 3. ke eng ka bokgoni ba ho enjene mocheso, ha mokelikeli ho sebetsa ho tloha hitara e ka mor'a ho amohela palo ea mocheso oa 1,6 MJ etsa opereishene 400 KJ? ka tjhelete e ya mocheso ile ka isoa sehatsetsi ka ke eng?

tharollo:
Bokgoni ka ho laolwa ke moralo wa

N = A / Q _1.

N = ya 0,4 · 10 ⁶ J / 1,6 · 10 ⁶ J = 0,25.

Tšoaetsanoang ka sehatsetsi mocheso ngata ka ho laolwa ke moralo wa

Q ₁ - A = Q _2.
Q ₂ = 1,6 · 10 ⁶ J - 0,4 · 10 ⁶ J = 1.2 · 10 ⁶ J.
A: The enjene mocheso o na le bokgoni ba ho 25%; palo ea mocheso fitiseditseng ho sehatsetsi - 1.2 · 10 ⁶ J.