Metheo e ea liphatsa tsa lefutso

Ka saense ea kajeno ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e le metheo li ne li beha ka bo-rasaense ba hlahelletseng ka ho fetisisa ho tloha Czech Republic Mendel. E ne e le eena ea ileng a ka 1865 o ile a bona letoto la liteko ka crossbreeding ea peō erekisi le ka lebaka la liphello rerileng ho khopolo eo tshebetso tsa lefa ka lebaka la ho ba teng le motsamao oa itseng likaroloana discrete. Ho phaella moo, Mendel me ke na le ba bang ba thepa ea motheo ea ho liphatsa tsa lefutso, e leng taba ea hore ha ho na le botho ba lipakeng.

Hamorao, qalong ea lekholo la lilemo la mashome a mabeli se a ntse a, Mendel likhopolong ne tiisoa ke teko, eo pele 'me a kenngwa tshebetsong H. De Frizo le K. Correns. Poleloana e reng "liphatsa tsa lefutso" ka hare ho se boleloang ke lebitso la ea saense e ncha ea hlaha ka lekhetlo la pele ka har'a lingoliloeng tsa Senyesemane tlhaho William Betsona, 'me ka 1909, hlahloba lintho tsa motheo tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso Mendel, Dane B. Johansen hlahiswa ka saense ajoa sehlopha "phatsa ea lefutso", ho bua ka likaroloana discrete haholo, ke eng se ile sa etsa Mendel.

Khopolo ea bohlokoa tšimong ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e lefutso. kutlwisiso lona e thehiloeng ho amohela thepa ea lintho tsohle tse phelang feta ka litšobotsi tsa bona tse se futsitseng. Tshebetso ena e fanoeng ke bokhoni ba bona ba ho boloka makgetheng bona bath bakeng sa nako e telele. Tabeng ena, hammoho le e hlokahalang lefutso thepa oa bokhoni ba a hlokomela hore ba fetola phenotypic le litšobotsi genotypic. thepa ena e ne bo tsebahala a iponahatsa le ho e ne e, ha e le hantle, e le hore hona joale re ananela e le motheo oa liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho ikatisa.

Ntle le mokhelo, tsoelo-pele ea kajeno bohle ka liphatsa tsa lefutso kolota sepelago bona bakeng sa ho hlaha ha le ntshetsopele ya ho etsa lipatlisiso theknoloji e ncha. Feela motheong ona e e-ba bonolo ho kenya le ho paka litokisetso experimentally joalo ea bohlokoa ea ya mogopolofela le sebelisoa liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho theha le ho hlophisoa ha acid e nucleic, ba lumelloa ho senola khoutu ya khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso, a bontša liteko 'me u hlalose hore boemo ba mehato khopolo biosynthetic. Ka lentsoe, ho lintho tsa motheo tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, a beha theoha a le la bo19 la lilemo morao - mathoasong a lilemo tse makholo bo20 la lilemo, e ile ea fetoha motheo oa ka eo kajeno ba tsoelang pele likarolong tse ngata tsa saense ea liphatsa tsa lefutso: liphatsa tsa lefutso ea limolek'hule le ho iphetola ha lintho, jeokrafi phatsa ea lefutso le immunogenetics, liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa bongaka le ba bang.

Tsela ea keketseho e sa khaotseng la tšimo ea ho etsa lipatlisiso ka liphatsa tsa lefutso ile sa etsa hore keketseho ea bohlokoa, 'me ho ithuta ka taba tsa lona ka ea saense ka kutloisiso ea kajeno, taba ea saense ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ke ithuta melao atileng ka ho fetisisa le ea bohlokoa ea lefutso le phetoho. Motheong bonahetseng bakeng sa boitšoaro ba etsa lipatlisiso tse joalo tse ya data phenotypic.

Nakong ea ntshetsopele ya saense ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e ile ea thehoa ka didirisiwa ke setlhopha saense ena, 'me kajeno hoo e ka bang mong le e mong ba rutehileng haholo ka bolokolohi o sebetsang le dikgopolo tse kang, phatsa ea lefutso phenotype, genotype le ba bang. Ho feta moo, dihlopha tse itseng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso "ba ile ba fallela" le ka saense tse ling, ho akarelletsa le tsa kahisano. Mona ba li sebelisetsoa ho bontša makgetheng itseng le maemo sechabeng le mehaho ea eona, tšoauoa ka le matla a ho ho boloka botsitso lona, ea moshoelella, 'me ho etsa bonnete ba tswelopela ka phetiso ea litšobotsi tse phedisano le setso.

lintho tsa motheo ea kajeno ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e thehiloe ho amohelwa ha palo ya litokisetso:

- lefutso e hlaphohileng hlokahala le discrete paramethara, etsa bonnete ba solofetsa ea lintho tse phelang;

- hore phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ke sesosa sa ho hlaha ha le ntshetsopele ya tse sa tšoaneng kaofela lintho tse phelang le ho iphetola ha lintho tsa bona;

- makgetheng hereditarily tlholeho kenyelletsoa limolek'hule DNA le RNA hore ba sebeletsa e le bajari kgolo ya tlhahisoleseding lefa;

- liponahatso tsa batho ba ikhethang ka mong mefuta e fanoe liphetoho skeletal amang liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho fetisetsa lesedi e loketseng mabapi le pontšo ho khetheha;

- tlhahisoleseding liphatsa tsa lefutso ka boeona e teng ka khubung seleng.

Ka lebaka la litokisetso tsena ba 'nile ba rerileng thuto, eo kajeno theha motheong oa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa motheo. Har'a bona, sebaka se bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e lula kang khopolo ea ho leketla sefapanong monohybrid, bitsoa ka lebitso la 'mōpi ea lona - Gregor melao Mendel ea bopaki ba motswako wa, le khopolo e meng chromosomal.