Limolek'hule le mehaho moralo oa phenol

Phenols - lebitso le tloaelehileng la alcohols e nkhang hamonate. Ka thepa ea taba ke acid fokola. E e sebetsang bohlokoa bohlokoa tse ngata homologues hydroxybenzene C ₆ H ₅ 0H (moralo Phenol) - e bonolo moemeli oa sehlopha sa. A re hlahlobeng sena ka ho qaqileng le ho feta.

Phenols. The moralo kakaretso le tlhophiso

The moralo kakaretso ya dintho le manyolo tsa alcohols nkhang hamonate, - R-OH. Molek'hule ka boeona phenols le cresols thehoa khōlō - C6H5 phenyl, eo e amana ka ho toba le 'ngoe kapa ho feta lihlopha hydroxyl OH (hydroxyl lihlopha). Ho ea ka palo ea bona ka phenols molek'hule ba classified ka mono-, di- le polyhydric. metsoako Monohydric tsa mofuta ona ke phenol le cresol. Ka ho fetisisa a atile har'a hydroxybenzenes polyhydric - naphthols hore na ka lona ho hlophisoa 2 fused khubu.

Phenol - moemeli oa alcohols nkhang hamonate

basebetsi Textile phenol o ne a tsebahala se lilemong tsa bo-XVIII: e ohlang sebelisa e le dae e. Ka distillation tsa mashala sekontiri ka 1834 Jeremane, ea k'hemistri F. Runge totobatsa kristale ea ntho e le tšobotsi monko o monate. Lebitso Latin mashala - carbo, kahoo e bitsoang komponeng carbolic acid e (acid e carbolic). bafuputsi ba Jeremane ba ile ba hlōleha ho khetholla ntho e. Phenol limolek'hule moralo se ile sa thehoa ka 1842 O. Laurent, ba neng ba lumela carbolic sehlahisoa sa benzene. Bakeng sa asiti e ncha o ile a sebelisa lebitso la "phenyl". Sharl Zherar etsa qeto ea hore ntho e joala, 'me o bitsa e le phenol. dikopo qalong komponeng - meriana, letlalo tanning, tlhahiso ea lidae tse iketselitsoeng. Litšobotsi tsa ntho e tlas'a ho nahanela:

• Kwalwang lik'hemik'hale moralo - C ₆ H ₅ OH.
• Boima limolek'hule tsa kompone - le 94,11. e. m.
• The feteletseng moralo oa aggregate le, - C ₆ H ₆ O.

Elektronike le tlhaloganya sebaka sebopeho tsa molek'hule ea phenol

Cyclic sebōpeho sa benzene moralo e filwe ke Jeremane manyolo setsebi sa k'hemistri F. Kekule ka 1865, 'me nakoana ka pel'a eona - I. Loschmidt. Bo-rasaense ba na le molek'hule ea taba manyolo ka mokgwa wa khutlothataro kamehla le fapanyetsana litlamo le 'ngoe le ba boikaketsi. Ho ea ka bopa dikgopolo tsa morao-rao, e nkhang hamonate lesale - e mosa e khethehileng ya sebopeho chitja, e bitsoang "conjugated tlamo e".

Tse tsheletseng k'habone liathomo leke thulaganyou e sp, ² -hybridization elektrone orbitals. Ha a amehe sebopeho la litlamo tsa C-C tsa maru leq-elektrone lepelela hodimo le ka tlase ea sefofane sa molek'hule liboto. Ho na le tse peli tse neng li tloaelehile elektrone leru hore e akaretsa ka lesale kaofela. Phenol mehaho moralo e ka sheba fapaneng, fuoa atamela tsa histori ho tlhaloso ya sebōpeho sa benzene. E le hore ho hatisa semelo sa hydrocarbons unsaturated nkhang hamonate, conventionally nkoa tse tharo tsa kamano tse tsheletseng habeli eo ngoe le tse tharo tse bonolo.

Karohanyo ka lebaka la ho oxy sehlopha

Ka bonolo ka nkhang hamonate hydrocarbon - benzene, C ₆ H ₆ - elektrone leru ke ditshwani. phenol moralo fapane ka ho sehlopha se le seng hydroxy. Ho ba teng ha hydroxyl pshatla setshwani hore e bontšoa ke thepa ea boleng bo le. Kamano pakeng tsa oksijene le haedrojene ho sehlopha hydroxy - covalent Polar. Koala tloaelehile hore batho ba para ea dieleketerone ho athomo oksijene isang mpe qoso hodima yona (a leeme). Haedrojene lahleheloang dieleketerone le fumanang ka leeme qoso "+". Ho phaella moo, oksijene e sehlopha O-H ke mong'a ya tse peli elektrone lipara unshared. E mong oa bona ka khahloa ke elektrone leru ea lesale nkhang hamonate. Ka lebaka lena, puisano e ba ho feta polarized, hydrogen habonolo nkeloa sebaka tšepe. The dikai fa e le maikutlo a ea mofuta tsoekame tsa phenol molek'hule.

Features tshitsiso liathomo ka phenol

E mong le elektrone leru la nuclei ba nkhang hamonate ka phenol molek'hule a leka ho le sehlopha hydroxyl. E hlaha ketsahalo, conjugation lebitso, oo ho oona ho oksijene athomo ipatlele para ea dieleketerone khahloa ke lihlopha hydroxy ea tsamaiso benzene lesale. Fokotsa tefiso mpe lefisa ka karohanyo e khōloanyane ka lebaka la ho O-H sehlopha.

The lesale nkhang hamonate hape fapana elektroniki oona tsamaisong kabo. Ho e fokotsehile ka carbon hore e tlameha ho ea oksijene le ea eketseha ka e haufi-ufi tlhokeng liathomo ka ortho maemong (2 le ea 6). Beha ka bobedi ke ho bokella tefo ho tsona "-". Ho ekelletsa moo "battlefield segokanyipalo - mokhatlo oa lona ho tloha liathomo le ka Meta-maemong (3 le ea 5) ho k'habone ka le para-boemo ba (4). phenol ithuta moralo bakeng sa boiketlo le coupling bobeli hangata kenyelletsa ditokiseletso dinomoaro tsa liathomo tsa benzene lesale.

thepa tlhaloso phenol lik'hemik'hale e thehiloeng sebopeho bona ea elektronike

Tšebetso conjugation ea lesale nkhang hamonate le hydroxyl ama thepa ya likaroloana bobeli le dintho tsohle. Ka mohlala, e phahameng le elektrone segokanyipalo ka athomo ka ortho le le para maemong (2, 4, 6) o etsa hore C-H tlamo ea e nkhang hamonate phenol potoloho arabelang haholoanyane. Fokotswa mpe qoso ea liathomo k'habone ka Meta maemong (3 le ea 5). Tlhaselo ya likaroloana electrophilic ka lik'hemik'hale pepesa k'habone ka ortho le le para maemo. The bromination itsoara joang ka tsa liphetoho benzene etsahala tlas'a futhumatsang matla le ho ba teng ha sethothetsi ka. Thehoa monogalogenoproizvodnoe - bromobenzene. Moralo phenol dumella ntho oa ho nka khato ka bromine haholo mbalakaka ntle futhumatsang motsoako.

Nkhang hamonate lesale ama mabapi polarity hydroxy sehlopha, eketseha eona. Haedrojene fetoha tenyetsehang ho feta, e le bapisoa le alcohols phelelang. Phenol a leka ho le alkalis, eaba ba etsa letsoai - phenates. Ethanol ha a itšoara ka a alkali, kapa ho ena, ho itšoara joang lihlahisoa - ethanolates - bola. Ka lik'hemik'hale mantsoe a phenols - matla le ho feta acid e ho feta alcohols.

Baemeli ba sehlopha sa nkhang hamonate alcohols

Limolek'hule moralo homolog phenol - cresol (methylphenol hydroxytoluene) - C ₇ H ₈ O. ntho ka thepa tsa tlhaho e tala ba atisa ho tsamaea le phenol, hape e na le thepa sebolaya dikokwana-hloko. homologues tse ling tsa phenol:

• Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene). Lik'hemik'hale moralo - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Resorcinol (1,3-hydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₃ (OH) _3.
• Naphthol. Ntho limolek'hule moralo - C ₁₀ H ₇ OH. E sebelisitsoeng ka eona ka tlhahisong ea lidae, meriana, metsoako nkhang hamonate.
• Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol). Lik'hemik'hale moralo - C ₆ H ₃ CH ₃ (OH) (C ₃ H _7). Sebelisoa ka k'hemistri a maiketsetso a manyolo le meriana.
• Vanillin ntle phenol khōlō e na le e phenylate sehlopha le masalla aldehyde. Limolek'hule moralo komponeng - C ₈ H ₈ O _3. Vanillin ho pharaletseng sebelisoa e le flavoring maiketsetso.

Moralo reagent bakeng phumano ya phenols

boikemisetso ba ya boleng ba phenol ka ho phethahatsoa sebelisa bromine. Ka lebaka la ho tloswa itsoara joang ka e tsoeu e le precipitate tribromophenol. Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene) e 'mala ka' mala o motala ka ho ba teng ha qhibiliha ferric chloride. Le reagent tšoanang a leka ho phenol le triphenol sa Ho thehoa le 'mala o bopherese. Ya boleng itsoara joang ho resorcinol - ponahalo ea lefifi 'mala o bopherese ka ho ba teng ha chloride ferric. Butle-butle, 'mala oa tharollo fellang kateng ntsho. The moralo oa reagent, e leng e sebediswa ho hlokomela itseng phenol le homologs lona, - FeCl ₃ (ferric chloride (III)).

Hydroxybenzene, naphthol, thymol - tsohle phenols. The moralo kakaretso ea ntho e ho fumana hore na setho sa metsoako tsena ho letoto la lihlooho tse nkhang hamonate. metsoako All manyolo tse nang ka moralo bona phenyl khōlō C ₆ H _5, eo ka eona le lihlopha hydroxy ba kotloloho amahanngoa le ho bontša thepa e khethehileng. Ba fapana joala e molemo ka ho fetisisa bolela hore lintho tsa tlhaho asiti. Bapisoa le dintho homologous series benzene, phenols - a sebetsang a eketsehileng lik'hemik'hale komponeng.