Ke seo sonnet? Thoko ea, e sonnet. Bangoli ba monate le libini

A ratang oa liroki le Fans lithothokiso sonnet e theohileng mesebetsi ea Provencal troubadours, ea bōpileng le lyrics le lefatše le ba pele ba ho qapa lipina tse lipuo tse ling ho ena le Latin. Lebitso la mofutakwalo sa o khutlela ho Provencal lentsoe sonet - sonorous, sonorous pina.

Ke seo sonnet? Histori ea ketsahalo

Albigensian Ntoa (1209-1229) hore koahela e ka boroa ea Fora, o qobelloang troubadours ngata fallela Sicily, moo ka 1200s ka Naples ka lekhotla seroki le mosireletsi oa Frederick II, lithothokiso sekolo e ile ea thehoa. baemeli ba eona, li kentse letsoho ho phetoho ya sonnet e - Mataliana a neng a bitsoa SONETTO - mofutakwalo se ka sehloohong sa mosebetsi oa hae. liroki Sicilian thabela puo ea Tuscan, e leng se a ntse a mathoasong a lilemo tse makholo 13-14 thehoa motheong oa puo eo Setaliana. Batho ba bangata ba geniuses tsa Renaissance o ile a ngola tse monate le libini: Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio, Per De Ronsard, Lope de Khao Vega, Shakespeare ... le e mong le ba bona ba e tlisa ho diteng tsa lithothokiso ke ntho e 'ngoe e ncha.

Features ya dibopeho

Classic sonnet na le litemana tse leshome le metso e mene. Ka mehla ea Setaliana le French Renaissance seroki thothokiso e ngotsweng ka mokgwa wa quatrains tse peli (quatrains) le tse peli tse Terzigno (triplets), 'me nakong ea English - quatrains tharo le couplet ngoe.

Thothokiso-Sonnet Hoa makatsa hore ebe musically, e ho joalo ho le bonolo ho qapa 'mino bakeng sa eona. Itseng morethetho ile ka lebaka la alternation ea merethetho masculine le setšehali, finyelloa ha khatello ea kelello e oela ka bobeli 'me, ka lebaka leo, ka senoko sa lentsoe penultimate. Bafuputsi ba fumane hore sonnet classic na le 154 senokong, empa neano ena ha e tsamaelanang le liroki tsohle. Italy, Fora le Engelane - the belehoa ya tse tharo tsa mofuta o le thothokiso. Bangoli ba monate le libini - e ne e tsoa e mong le e naheng - entse liphetoho tse itseng foromo le sebopeho.

moqhaka oa tse monate le libini

Foromo ena ho khetheha ea thothokiso e simolohile Italy lekholong la bo13 la lilemo. Ka hae tse monate le libini 15, 'me ea bobeli ke e le sehlooho sehloohong le khopolo ea ho tse ling tse leshome le metso e mene. Ka lebaka lena, re qala mosebetsi qetellong. Ka sonnet le metso e mehlano tsa bohlokoa pele stanzas tse peli, 'me ho latela neano, ho sonnet pele lokela ho hakaalo qala moleng pele le fela le bobeli ho qetela. Ha ho ka tlaase ho moo thahasellisang ke likarolo tse ling tsa mofapa-thothokiso. E mong lesometharo tse monate le libini ho qetela lelokong la kgale hakaalo lokela ho ba moleng pele ea tlang.

Ea liroki Russia historing ea lingoliloeng lefatše ho hopola mabitso Vyacheslava Ivanova le Valery Bryusov. Ba ka ho phethahetseng tseba hore na sonnet, kahoo bontša ho ameha ka moqhaka oa tse monate le libini. Russia, mofuta ona oa mongolo simolohile lekholong la bo18 la lilemo. Le tsusumetso e Valeriy Bryusov e ne e le setsebi sa ho mofutakwalo ena, le ho mamela metheo e thehilweng. thothokiso ea hae ea ho qetela ho tloha moqhaka o monate le libini ( "timetso letoto la lihlooho tse") e qala ka meleng e ka:

"Metso e mene ka mpolella ho ne ho hlokahala

Mabitso a hopola lintho ratang phela! "

, O hloka ho qeta and analysis hanyane ho mofutakwalo sa hlophisoa e ne e le ho feta utloahala. Ka neano, e thothokiso ea ho qetela ea sonnet pele e qala le ho qetella - bobeli; sonnet boraro qala moleng ho qetela a ea pejana, tabeng ena - "! mabitso a hopola lintho ratang phela" E ka pheha khang ea hore Valeriy Bryusov fihla phethehong ka mofutakwalo ena. Ho fihlela joale, 150 dingolwa baloa meqhaka tse monate le libini liroki Serussia, 'me ho na le ka bang 600 le lefatseng la tsa lithothokiso.

Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374). The Setaliana Renaissance

Ba ne ba mo bitsa motho oa pele ea Renaissance le mothehi oa philology classic. Franchesko Petrarka ile ba rutehileng 'muelli, e ile ea e-ea ho moprista, empa ba ne ba sa phele ho latela molao-motheo oa theocentrism. Petrarch tsamaea hohle Europe, ka tšebeletso ea Cardinal o ile a qala mosebetsi oa hae oa dingolwa motseng oa Vaucluse karolong e ka boroa ea Fora. bophelo bohle ba hae a ba hlalosetsa ka ho fumanoe libuka tsa boholo-holo le rata classics ea boholo-holo - Virgil le Cicero. Tse ngata tsa lithothokiso hae, ho akarelletsa tse monate le libini, Petrarch kenngoa ka e le pokello ea "Canzoniere", leo le bolela "Buka ea Songs". Ka 1341 ho seo a se finyeletseng hae dingolwa moqhaka le Laurel mofapa.

bonono Features

The tšobotsi e ka sehloohong ea Petrarch - ho rata le ho ratoa, empa e le hore lerato leo ha baa lokela ho lekanyetsoa feela basali empa hape le ho metsoalle, lelapa, lintho tsa tlhaho. khopolo ena e ne e le ho bontša hore mosebetsi oa hae. Bukeng ea hae ea "Kantsonere" e bolela ho tebisa maikutlo Laura de Khao tsoa, morali oa ka Knight o. Pokello e neng e ngotsoe hoo e ka bang bohle bophelo le ne Likhatiso tse peli. Monate le libini buka ea pele ba bitsoa "Ka bophelo ba Laura," bobeli - ". Ka mor'a lefu la Laura" Ka palo yohle, pokello - 366 litemaneng tsa pele. The tse monate le libini 317 tsa Petrarch hlokomela dipharologanyo ya ntango maikutlo. Ka "Canzoniere" mongoli ea bona mosebetsi oa ho lithothokiso ka ba binang ba e ntle le e sehlōhō madonna madonna self. O idealizes Laura empa ha a lahleheloa ke litšobotsi tse lona oa sebele. The mohale lyrical nang mathateng 'ohle ea lerato unrequited le utloa bohloko, hore o lokela ho tlōla kano e halalelang. Ka ho fetisisa tummeng sonnet mongoli - 61, eo ho eona a ne a thabela ho e mong le e motsotso o ile a qeta le ea ratoang oa hae:

"Ho bokoe letsatsi, khoeli, nakong ea lehlabula, ka hora
Le nako eo ha mahlo a ka ile a kopana le mahlo tseo! "

Pokello ea Petrarch - ipolele tsela ea thothokiso, eo a neng a bontša hore tokoloho ea hae e ka hare le boipuso moea. A eang ka, empa ha e soabile lerato. O ne a bonahala ho lokafatsa le ho tlotlisa takatso e matla lefatšeng, hobane ba hlokang lerato botho ke ke pholoha. Temana ea, sonnet bontša khopolo ena, 'me e tsoela pele ho tšehetsa liroki tsa linako hamorao.

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho (1313-1375). The Setaliana Renaissance

The Renaissance mongoli oa buka e moholo (molemo ka ho fetisisa e tsejoang bakeng sa mosebetsi oa hae oa "ho Decameron") e ne e le ngoana matšeo, kahoo qalong o ne a tšoaroa ka ho nyelisa, empa talenta ea hlōla, le seroki mocha o ne a ile a hlokomela. Lefu la Petrarch Boccaccio kahoo ba ile ba fallela e le hore a ile a ngola sonnet ho tlotla hae, e leng e senola maikutlo a impermanence ea bophelo ba lefatšeng.

"Ka Sennuchcho ho Chino ikopanya,

Le Dante o, le pele u

Ebe se patiloe ho tloha re hlahisa ka boeona e bonahala. "

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho nehela tse monate le libini Dante Aligeri le geniuses tse ling, 'me botlhokwa go feta - basali. ea ratoang ea hae o mo reha lebitso le leng - Fiametta, empa lerato la hae ha e le kafukafu ka Petrarch, 'me ho feta tlaase lefatšeng. O hanyenyane fetola ho sonnet mofutakwalo le keteka botle ba sefahleho, moriri, marameng, molomo, oa ngola o re ka ho khahloa hae ho botle le hlalosa litlhoko tsa fisioloji. Dodger le ratang ka ho fetisisa ea basali ba lebeletse ka qetello e sehlōhō: soetseha ka mofuta libōpuoa tse ntle le utloisoa bohloko ke ho eka, Boccaccio ka 1362 o neng o ditaelo halalelang.

Ka De Ronsard (1524-1585). The French Renaissance

Hlahetse lelapeng la batsoali ba ruileng le babatsehang, Per De Ronsard ne mong le e mong monyetla oa bakeng sa thuto e ntle. Ka 1542, o ile a scant ntjha French lithothokiso limithara tse thothokiso le merethetho, e leng seo a neng a deservedly bitsoang "morena oa liroki." Oho, bakeng sa katleho ea hae o ne a hampe lefile 'me ba lahleheloa utloeng hae, empa ha aa ka a siea le takatso e feteletseng ea ho intša ntlafatso. E tsoetseng pele ea boholo-holo seroki a neng a nahana Horace le Virgil. Ka De Ronsard ile tataisoa ke mosebetsi oa pele ho ba hae: O ne a tseba seo e sonnet, 'me o ile a hlalosa botle ba basali, lerato la hae bakeng sa bona. Seroki seo ke muses tse tharo: Cassandra Marie le Elena. Ka 'ngoe ea tse monate le libini, o ile a lumela hore o rata ho itseng lefifi-moriri le sootho-eyed moroetsana,' me re tiisetsa hae hore ha ho na redheads kapa svetlookie mohla etsa hore e maikutlo a khanya:

"Ke na le mahlo a sootho phela ka mollo leobeng,
Ke na le mahlo bohlooho le bona ha ke batle ... "

Liphetolelo tse monate le libini etsoa ke mongoli ena Russia bangoli ba lekholong la mashome a mabeli - Vilgelm Levik le Vladimir Nabokov.

Uilyam Shekspir (1564-1616). English Renaissance

Ntle comedies le botle bo khanyang le litlokotsi tse thathamisitsoeng ka letlotlong la lingoliloeng lefatše, Shakespeare o ile a ngola 154 tse monate le libini, ea thahasella ka ho khetheha ho bahlahlobisisi phetseng mehleng bongoling. mangolong a hae ba ile ba bolelloa hore "ena senotlolo, o ile a bula pelo ea hae." Ka ba bang ba tse monate le libini mongoli oa buka ba ile ba kopanela liphihlelo tsa hae tsa moea, ha ba bang bona ba ne ba thibile, e khōlō. Shakespeare nehetsoeng chetyrnadtsatistrofnye thothokiso ho motsoalle oa hae 'me Swarthy Lady. E mong le e sonnet e ikhethang palo, kahoo, ho ke ho le bonolo ho khetholla gradation tsa maikutlo a mongoli e: haeba mesebetsing ea pele ea mohale lyrical admires botle, ka mor'a hore 17 tse monate le libini tla likōpo tsa reciprocity. Ka lithothokiso tlas'a palo 27-28, ho ba le boikutlo - ha le thabo feela empa e lemalla ntho e itseng.

monate le libini Shakespeare o ngotse, eseng feela ka lerato la lihlooho: Ka linako tse ling mongoli e sebetsang sebakeng sa hae e le rafilosofi, e lora ka ho se shoe, 'me o ile a nyatsa ka lintho tse mpe. Leha ho le joalo, mosali eo a mo - ho na le motho ea phethahetseng, 'me e ke bolokehile hore re botle reretsoeng ho boloka lefatše. Ka sonnet tummeng 130 Shakespeare admires botle ba lefatše la ea ratoang oa hae: mahlo a hae ha a bapisoa le linaleli, e leng ponahalo ea letlalo ke hole le moriti tiea tsa rosa, empa o re ho couplet ho qetela:

"Leha ho le joalo o ile a fana ka e le hang,

Ke mang ea ka ho ipapisa tlokomang senngoa lebitso. "

Mataliana, French le Senyesemane tse monate le libini: ho tšoana le ho se tšoane

Renaissance o file batho e tsoileng ngata lingoliloeng. Kaha o ile a qala ka ho Italy lilemong tsa bo-ea leshome le metso e meraro, e 'ngoe hamorao hanyane epoch e fallela Fora,' me ka lilemo tse makholo a mabeli hamorao - Engelane. Mong le e mong le ngotseng, ho ba letsoalloa la naha, o tlisa ka mokgwa wa sonnet le liphetoho tse itseng, empa a tsoela pele ho ba lihlooho tse ngata tshwanelanang - ba binang basali botle le lerato bakeng sa hae.

The khale Setaliana sonnet quatrains ngotsoeng ka merethetho tse peli, Terzetto hape lumelloa ho ngola e le peli kapa tse tharo, 'me sa alternation ea merethetho motona le e motšehali e ne e le taba ea boikhethelo. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho kgatello ka thothokiso e ka oelang ka a ho qetela, 'me ka senoko sa lentsoe penultimate.

Fora, thohako e ile behilweng ka ho pheta-pheta mantsoe le tšebeliso ea merethetho imprecise. Quatrains tloha tercets tieo aroloa ho mong le e syntactically tse ling. Liroki tsa Renaissance Fora o ile a ngola tse monate le libini desyatislozhnikom.

boitshomololedi ile a kenyelletsa Engelane. Liroki tseba hore na sonnet, empa ho ena le foromo ea hae e tloaelehileng, e bopilweng ka quatrains tse peli le tse peli TERCET ne quatrains tharo le couplet ngoe. Qetellang temana ea ho nkoa e senotlolo le jereng itlhalosang aphoristic Maxim. Tafole bontša version boetse maemong tsa merethetho linaheng tse sa tšoaneng.

sonnet kajeno

Chetyrnadtsatistrofnaya temana ea pele foromo e ka katleho ba bile teng ba le mosebetsi oa bangoli ba mehleng ena. Lekholong la mashome a mabeli, e atileng ka ho fetisisa ke French mohlala. Mora Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak ikhethang fetolela tse monate le libini Shakespeare, e leng bangoli ba na le thahasello ka mokgwa Senyesemane. Ea bobeli e batloang esita le hona joale. Ho sa tsotellehe 'nete ea hore tse monate le libini tsohle li ile tsa fetoleloa geniuses phahameng tsa lingoliloeng, thahasello mofutakwalo ena e ntse e ama letsatsi le ena: ka 2009 Alexander Sharakshane hatisitsoeng pokello le liphetolelo tse sa monate le libini Shakespeare o.