Sebopeho, Thuto mahareng le likolo
Ke liphetoho tse tloaelehileng tsa alkanes seo
E mong le e sehlopheng sa metsoako lik'hemik'hale ka bontša hore thepa e loketseng ho sebopeho bona ea elektronike. Bakeng sa alkanes tloaelehileng tloswa itšoara joang, bokaholimo ba matsoele kapa ho kena moea limolek'hule. dithulaganyo tsohle tsa lik'hemik'hale na ho khetheha bona phallo, e tla ka ho eketsehileng e tšohloa.
alkanes ke eng
Sena se phelelang hydrocarbon metsoako, tse tsejoang e le parafini. limolek'hule tsena bopilwe feela k'habone le hydrogen liathomo, ke guttate kapa se makala a acyclic ketane eo ho eona ho e mpa e le motsoako le 'ngoe. Fanoeng litšobotsi tsa tlelase, o ka a bale seo ba itšoara joang bath ya alkanes. Ba mamela ka moralo o ka sehlopha sa kaofela: H 2n + 2 C n g.
sebopeho lik'hemik'hale
Parafini molek'hule kenyelletsa ditokiseletso k'habone liathomo bontša sp, 3 hybridization. Kaofela ha bona ba valence orbitals mane na le e tšoanang sebopeho, matla le tataiso ka sebaka. Boholo ba hlaha ka lehlakoreng le pakeng tsa maemo le matla la 109 ° le 28 '.
Ho ba teng ha litlamo le masoha e le limolek'hule rerang seo liphetoho tse bath ya alkanes. Ba na le σ-komponeng. Puisano pakeng tsa carbons ke nonpolar le length of polarizable, e hanyenyane ho feta C-H. Hape, segokanyipalo elektrone ea battlefield ho ea k'habone athomo ke electronegative fetisisa. The komponeng sephetho le e tšoauoa ka C-H tlaase polarity.
tloswa karabelong
paraffins dintho sehlopha sa ba le tlaase mosebetsi lik'hemik'hale. Sena se ka hlalosoa ka ho ba matla la litlamo tsa pakeng tsa C-C le C-H, e ke ho le thata ho senya ka lebaka la bao e seng polarity. Motheong oa timetso ea bona e homolytic mochine, ao ho 'ona e sa lefelloeng tse khōlō mofuta amehang. Ke ka lebaka leo alkanes ba tšoauoa ka e le tloswa itšoara joang. dintho joalo ba khona ho kopana le limolek'hule tsa metsi kapa ions tsa tefo bajari.
Ba boemo bo mahala khōlō tloswa oo liathomo hydrogen li nkeloa sebaka ke likarolo halogen kapa tse ling sehlopha se sebetsang. liphetoho tsena li akarelletsa dithulaganyo amanang le halogenation, sulfochlorination le nitration. Tsena lebisa ho ba lokisetsa ho ea derivatives alkane.
- Process qala ka nucleation qalo kapa ketane, eo ho eona radicals mahala di thehoa. The etswa ha ke mehloli ea leseli mahlaseli le futhumatsang.
- Ebe develops ketane oo latellanang likaroloana a sebetsang a etsoa sebelisana le limolek'hule sa kopanele tšebeletsong. Ke ho sokoloha bona hore e be limolek'hule le radicals, ka ho latellana.
- Bohato ba ho qetela e tla roba ketane ena. Ho na le recombination kapa ho nyamela ha likaroloana le mafolofolo. Ka tsela eo fediswa ntshetsopele ya ketane itšoara joang.
Tshebetso ya ho halogenation
E thehiloe ka mochine oa mofuta khōlō. Alkane halogenation itsoara joang ka etsahala ka ts'ebetso ea ho lelefatsa bophelo ba lijo le mahlaseli leseli le futhumatsang ea motsoako oa halogens le hydrocarbons.
mekhahlelo eohle ea tshebetso tlas'a puso ea hore o ile a re Markovnikov. E bolela hore undergoes tloswa ke halogen, haholo-holo hydrogen, eo e leng oa carbon hydrogenated. Halogenation etsahala tatelano latelang: tswa mathomo ho phahameng k'habone athomo.
tshebetso nka beha e molemo ka limolek'hule alkane le nako e telele ka sehloohong hydrocarbon ketane. Sena ke ka lebaka la ho fokotseha ea ionizing matla a tataiso ena, ntho e bonolonyana khomaretse elektrone.
mohlala e ke chlorination ea limolek'hule methane e. Ketso ea mahlaseli mahlaseli o baka petsoha chloride khōlō mefuta e phetha se hlasele 'alkane ena. Karohano le hlaha 'me sebopeho sa athomo hydrogen H 3 C · kapa methylene khōlō. Joalo phatsa e itseng, le eena, a hlasela chlorine limolek'hule, ea isang ho ho timetsoa ha sebopeho sa eona 'me sebopeho sa k'hemik'hale e ncha.
Ha e mong le e sethaleng tshebetso tloswa e atlehe 'ngoe feela athomo hydrogen. The halogenation itsoara joang ka tsa alkanes isang sebopeho butle-butle hlormetanovoy, dichloromethane, le trihlormetanovoy tetrahlormetanovoy molek'hule.
Dira ditshwantsho, tshebetso e tjena:
H 4 C + CL: CL → H 3 CCl + HCl,
H 3 CCl + CL: CL → H 2 CCl 2 + HCl,
H 2 CCl 2 + CL: CL → HCCl 3 + HCl,
HCCl 3 + CL: CL → CCl 4 + HCl.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng ho chlorination ea methane e limolek'hule jereng tšebetso e joalo le alkanes tse ling tšoauoa fumana dintho le tloswa hydrogen ha e 'ngoe har'a carbon athomo,' me ka tse seng kae. karo-karolelano bona ditirisanommogo amanang le litsupa mocheso. Ka maemo a batang, ho fokotseha ka tekanyo ea sebopeho sa derivatives le e phahameng, se mahareng le mathomo sebopeho.
Le eketseha mocheso shebiloeng lebelo la sebopeho sa metsoako joalo e liha. Mosebetsing oa ho halogenation ho na le tšusumetso ea lona lebaka ee sa fetoleng boemo ka eona e bontšang ka kgonego e fapaneng ya thulana ba khōlō le k'habone athomo.
Process halogenation le a iodine litareng e ha e etsahala maemong a tloaelehileng. Hoa hlokahala ho bopa maemo a khethehileng. Ha o ile a pepesa ho methane e se etsahala ho latela melao ea halogen iodide ketsahalo hydrogen. Ho e na le phello e methylene iodide ka lebaka leo li totobale reactants qalong methane e le a iodine litareng e. Joalo itsoara joang ka ea e nkoa e le reversible.
Wurtz itsoara joang ka tsa alkanes
Ke mokhoa bakeng sa ho fumana hydrocarbons le ba phelelang ho sebopeho ditshwani. E le reactants sebelisoa tšepe sodium, alkyl bromides kapa chloride alkyl. Le sebelisana lokisetsa sodium sulphonate bona le eketseha hydrocarbon ketane eo ke chelete ea tse peli radicals hydrocarbon. Dira ditshwantsho, tswakana le e tjena: R-CL + CL-R + 2Na → R-R + 2NaCl.
Wurtz itsoara joang ka tsa alkanes ke khoneha feela haeba halogens ka limolek'hule tsa bona tse ka har'a carbon athomo ka sehloohong. Mohlala, CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 BR.
Haeba nakong papali ea galogenuglevodorododnaya motsoako oa metsoako e 'meli, ka condensation tsa liketane tse tharo fapaneng thehoa sehlahisoa. Mohlala oa itsoara joang ka sena ka sebeletsa e le sodium alkane sebelisana le chloromethanes le hloretanom. khumo le ke motsoako se se akaretsang butane, Propane le hlahisoang moo ethane.
Ntle le sodium, ho bonolo ho sebelisa lirafshoa tse ling tse a alkali, tse akarelletsang lithium kapa potassium.
thulaganyou e sulfochlorination
E boetse e bitsoa Reed itšoara joang. Ho matha ka molao-motheo oa bolokolohi Phetolo. mofuta ona wa itšoara joang ke tloaelehileng tsa alkanes hore a nke khato ho ba motsoako oa dioxide e sebabole le chloride le limolek'hule ka ho ba teng ha mahlaseli mahlaseli.
tshebetso e qala ka ho qalo tsa mochine le ketane, moo chlorine fumana ho tswa ho radicals tse peli. E mong tlhaselo alkane e fanang ka phahama ho likaroloana e alkyl le limolek'hule tsa chloride hydrogen. Ke hydrocarbon khōlō khomaretse theha sebabole dioxide e likaroloana rarahaneng. Ho tsitsisa nkhape le hlaha mong chloride athomo tloha molek'hule e 'ngoe. Boitsebiso ho qetela ke alkane sulfonyl chloride, ho le sebelisitsoe ka tswakana tsa metsoako holim-mafolofolo.
Dira ditshwantsho, tshebetso shebahala e kang ena:
CLCL → hv ∙ CL + ∙ CL,
HR + ∙ CL → R ∙ + HCl,
R ∙ + OSO → ∙ RSO 2,
∙ RSO 2 + ClCl → RSO 2 CL + ∙ CL.
Le thulaganyo amanang le nitration
Alkanes itšoara ka acid e nitric ka tharollo 10% le ka oxide e tetravalent naetrojene le boemong gaseous. Maemo a sa lebelloang lona ke melao ea boitšoaro e phahameng ea mocheso (ka 140 ° C) le makgabane tlaase khatello. Ka khumo hlahiswa nitroalkanes.
Tsela ea ho ikhethela-khōlō mofuta reheletsoe ka rasaense ba Konovalov, a bula nitration tswakana: CH 4 + HNO 3 → CH 3 NO 2 + H 2 O.
The mochine oa bokaholimo ba matsoele
Bakeng sa tloaelehileng alkane dehydrogenation le petsoha. Methane e molek'hule undergoes e feletseng mogote li bole kapele '.
The mochine mantlha a itšoare ka holimo ke bokaholimo ba matsoele tsa liathomo tloha alkanes.
thulaganyou e dehydrogenation
Ha arola liathomo le hydrogen ka har'a carbon masapo tsa paraffins, haese methane e di fumana metsoako unsaturated. Joalo lik'hemik'hale tsa alkanes lekoa ka mocheso phahameng (400 ho tse 600 ° C) le tlas'a accelerators ketso e le polatinamo, nikele, oxides chromium le aluminium.
Ha kenya letsoho ha ho itsoara joang ka tsa hlahisoang moo ethane kapa Propane limolek'hule, moo lihlahisoa tsa eona e tla ethene kapa propene le tlamo e 'ngoe habeli.
The dehydrogenation ya tse 'nè kapa tse hlano ka carbon masapo a fumana diene komponeng. From thehoa butane-1,3 butadiene le 1,2-butadiene.
Haeba teng dintho itsoara joang ka 6 kapa ho feta har'a carbon liathomo, benzene e thehoa. Ho na le e reng nkhang hamonate ka litlamo tsa ka tse tharo habeli.
Tsela amanang le li bole kapele '
Tlas'a mocheso phahameng itsoara joang ka tsa alkanes ka feta le lekhalo litlamo k'habone le sebopeho sa mefuta e mafolofolo tsa mofuta khōlō. dithulaganyo joalo li bitsoa petsoha kapa pyrolysis.
Futhumatsang ea reactants ho mocheso ho feteng 500 ° C, liphetho tsa ka li bole kapele 'ea limolek'hule tseo li thehoa metsoako e rarahaneng ea radicals alkyl-mofuta.
Phetha tlas'a futhumatsang matla tsa pyrolysis tsa alkanes le k'habone ketane bolelele e loketseng ho fumana metsoako satureaed le unsaturated. E bitsoa mogote petsoha. Tshebetso ena e sebediswa ho fihlela bohareng ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo.
The drawback ne e le ho fumana hydrocarbons ka tlaase octane palo (ka tlase ho 65), gore e tle e ile ea nkeloa sebaka ho petsoha sethothetsi. tshebetso nka sebaka ka thempereichara e tse tlase bana di le 440 ° C, 'me mathata a ka tlase ho 15 atmospheres, ka ho ba teng ha e aluminosilicate accelerator ho lokolloa alkanes ho ba le sebopeho se makala. mohlala e ke pyrolysis ea methane e: 2CH 4 → sa t ° C 2 H 2 + 3H 2. The thehoa acetylene le limolek'hule hydrogen nakong itsoara joang ka ea.
molek'hule e ka tlas'a methane e ho sokoloha. Ho ikutloa ka tsela ena ho hloka metsi le nikele sethothetsi. khumo le ke motsoako oa carbon monoxide le hydrogen.
dithulaganyo ho kena moea
The lik'hemik'hale tse tloaelehileng alkane amanang le tshusumetso le elektrone.
Ho na le likoloi-ho kena moea oa paraffins. Ho akarelletsa ho le se nang khōlō mochine oa ho kena moea oa hydrocarbons phelelang. Nakong itsoara joang ka ea, mokelikeli mohato alkane hydroperoxide fumana. Qalong parafini molek'hule a leka ho le oksijene ka abelwa radicals mafolofolo. Ka mor'a moo, alkyl phatsa le sebedisana ka mong molek'hule O 2, o ile a fumana ∙ Roo. Ho tloha peroxy khōlō ea acid e le tse mafura e ikopanya alkane molek'hule, ebe lokolloa hydroperoxide. mohlala e ke autooxidation tsa hlahisoang moo ethane:
C 2 H 6 + O 2 → ∙ C 2 H 5 + HOO ∙,
∙ C 5 H 2 + O 2 → ∙ OOC 2 H 5,
∙ OOC 2 H 5 + C 2 H 6 → HOOC 2 H 5 + ∙ C 2 H 5.
Bakeng sa alkane tšoauoa ka ba itšoara joang ea combustion e hore ba haholo-holo lik'hemik'hale thepa, ka ho beha ho hlophisoa ha mafura ka. Ba oxidative tsa tlhaho le mohlapo oa mocheso: 2C 2 H 6 + 7O 2 → 4CO 2 + 6H 2 O.
Haeba tshebetso e hlokometse ka e nyenyane ea oksijene, qetellong sehlahisoa ka ba divalent k'habone kapa k'habone monoxide, e leng e laolwang ke ea mahloriso ya O 2.
Ka ho kena moea oa alkanes tlas'a tšusumetso ea dintho catalytic le halefile ho 200 ° C di fumana joala molek'hule, aldehyde kapa acid e carboxylic.
MOHLALA hlahisoang moo ethane:
C 2 H 6 + O 2 → C 2 H 5 OH (ethanol),
C 2 H 6 + O 2 → CH 3 Cho + H 2 O (ethanal le metsi)
2C 2 H 6 + 3O 2 → 2CH 3 COOH + 2H 2 O (ethanoic acid e le metsi).
Alkanes ka oxidized tlas'a bohato la peroxides cyclic trinomial. Tsena li akarelletsa dimethyl dioxirane. Phello ke ho kena moea tsa molek'hule paraffins joala.
Baemeli ba paraffins ha arabela KMnO 4 kapa permanganate potassium, hammoho le metsi a bromine.
isomerization
Ka alkanes tšoauoa tloswa mofuta itsoara joang ka mochine electrophilic. Sena se o bitsoa isomerization tsa ketane k'habone. Catalyzes tshebetso ena e chloride aluminium, eo e ileng a itšoara ka parafini phelelang. mohlala e ke isomerization ea butane molek'hule, e leng 2-methylpropane: C 4 H 10 → C 3 H 7 CH 3.
thulaganyou e flavoring
Phelelang dintho tseo ka tsona le ka sehloohong har'a carbon ketane e na le tse tšeletseng tse kapa ho feta liathomo k'habone, ea nang le bokhoni ba ho khanna dehydrocyclization. Bakeng sa limolek'hule lekgutshwanyane ha bath ea kamoo ba ileng ena. Phello ke kamehla reng tšeletseng membered ka cyclohexane le derivatives lona.
Ka ho ba teng ha accelerators itšoara joang, 'me le fetisa dehydrogenation eketsehileng ba ho sokoloha hore e be tsitsitseng haholoanyane benzene lesale. E hlaha ho fetola hydrocarbons acyclic ho aromatics kapa lebaleng la boithabiso. mohlala e ke dehydrocyclization tsa hexane:
H 3 C-CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 -CH 3 → C 6 H 12 (cyclohexane)
C 6 H 12 → C 6 H 6 + 3H 2 (benzene).
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