Ho ba teng ha ho fapafapana mefuta - hore ke microevolution

Khopolo ea ho iphetola ha lintho e le ntshetsopeleng e tsoelang pele ea lintho tsohle tse phelang lefatšeng, ho rarahana ha lintho tse phelang le ponahalo ea mefuta e ncha kajeno ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ka har'a lingoliloeng tsa ratoa le mecheng ea litaba. Khopolo-taba ka ho iphetola ha lintho le microevolution, tšebeliso ea lentsoe lena le ka mefuta populist dilutes boleng lona, ba tlisa tlhokomelo ho tshebetso ya ho mozindo ya. ke eng senang-ho iphetola hoa lintho ka baeloji, sebopeho sa eona 'me e le ka lebaka qetellong - tsena ke lipotso tseo re ka koahela sehloohong sena.

Ho iphetola ha lintho e le tshebetso tsa likokoana-hloko

khopolo ho iphetola ha lintho e khetholla mefuta e 'meli ea tlas'a maemo a - macroevolution le microevolution - ka e le mekgwa ya ntshetsopele ya bophelo lefatšeng. Arola le tlas'a maemo e thehiloeng boholo diyuniti taxonomic, leng isang ea mokhatlo oa ho iphetola ha lintho. Macroevolution bolela sebopeho sa taxa kgolo (genus, lelapa, sehlopha sa, 'me joalo-joalo) ka nako e telele ea nako. Phello ea microevolution - sebopeho sa mefuta e ncha, le tlaase-tlaase taxonomic unit trust. Ka hona microevolution e seng joalo e bitswang speciation, sebopeho sa mefuta e mecha ka bohareng ba pele ke ho finyella ho itšehla thajana ho ikatisa le ho arohana ka taxon arohaneng.

mekhoa ea ntshetsopeleng

melao eohle ea ho iphetola ha lintho ka speciation ka macrotaxa feta ka boemo bo hlalositsoeng tšoanang le melao e tšoanang le bakeng sa unit trust motheo ea ho iphetola ha lintho - baahi. ke eng microevolution, habonolo bontšoa ke mohlala oa thuto amanang, mefuta phylogenetically haufi hara genus tšoanang. Ka mohlala, ka ho Arctic, lehae la mefuta e meraro haufi-ufi amanang le ea litiiso - litiiso Witt, lengau le Ross tiise. Ntle le ho se tšoane nyenyane ka ntle, phofu ea bona li fapane hōle, ba eteletse pele ho sebopeho sa mefuta e haufi-ufi amanang empa fapaneng.

mefuta microevolution

Speciation, e isang ho ikatisa neskreschivaemosti e le sethaleng ho qetela tsa sehlopha ho iphetola ha lintho ho itšehla thajana ka hare ho mefuta e sa, e na le mekgwa 'maloa. Ho ea ka mofuta oa e kwahelang mochine khetholloa 'maloa tsa mefuta. Ke microevolution kenyeletsa:

• Geographic speciation.
• Speciation ho arohana tlholeho tsa baahi.
• Speciation ke ho itšehla thajana e nepahetseng ho hlahisa bana (dokopulyatsionnoy le poslekopulyatsionnoy).

ke microevolution libaka le tlholeho eng?

Tabeng ena, nahana ka ho itšehla thajana mochine panmictic (ho kopanela liphate ho ikatisa) lihlopha tsa lintho tse phelang, ha ba le pono e ncha Ho thehoa le tlas'a tšusumetso ea lintlha hahlaula kapa tikoloho. ho itšehla thajana libaka tsa baahi ho nkoa e le palokatiso ya liphetoho e khabisitse naha mona tse lebisang ho itšehla thajana nakoana kapa tse feletseng tsa baahi ba mefuta e tšoanang. Mohlala tšoantšetso - sebopeho sa mefuta sehlekehleke sena. Le ho fetisisa, mohlomong, tsebahala Tabeng ena - e Galapagos bindweed, tlhaloso le ho ithuta e leng se ileng Charles Darwin ho khopolo ea hae ea tšimoloho ea mefuta e. Ka mohlala oa hore ke microevolution ka speciation tlholeho e se e fanoeng - litiiso Arctic. Tabeng ea litiiso Ntlha e tikoloho e ne e le ho itšehla thajana ea phepelo ea lijo. Empa ntlha ea tikoloho ke e boetse e kganetsano pakeng tsa mehla ho ikatisa, e fapaneng merabe tlholeho ka hare ho mefuta e, 'me joalo-joalo.

Dokopulyatsionnaya mofuta o mong oa ho itšehla thajana e le mokhoa oa microevolution

Tabeng ea khoneha ya mahala tšela ea batho ba ka lebaka la ho itšehla thajana, hammoho le ho hloka thuto ea zygote (embryo) ea 'mele, re dokopulyativnoy ho itšehla thajana. mefuta e sa tšoaneng:

• Insulation, hlahang ka lebaka la ho sebopeho sa boitšoaro ba ho kopanela liphate (ethological). Mohlala - haufi-ufi e chesang e mongobo Frog, le timbre fapaneng mefuta e khethehileng ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo tse binang.
• The ho itšehla thajana le bakoang ke mehaho e sa tšoaneng ea makala copulative le ho hlahisa bana. Mohlala - mefuta e fapaneng ya orchid na le sebopeho itseng ya lipalesa, e leng se li lumella ho pollinate feela mofuta o itseng oa hummingbird.

The ho itšehla thajana bakoa ke mismatch ea diretswe go dira gametes. Mehlala feela liteko tsa mofuta pina, mochine ona ke ho le thata.

Poslekopulyatsionnaya kwahelang ka mochine oa speciation

Tabeng ena e bolela hore zygote e thehoa. ke eng senang-ho iphetola hoa lintho, tabeng ena, bontša mefuta e latelang ho fihlela ka ho feletseng ho itšehla thajana ho ikatisa ea baahi ba ka hare ho mefuta e:

• Bao e seng solofetsa tsa zygote ka mekhahlelo ea pele ea ontogeny.
• Lefu la lesea e-s'o tsoaloe kapa batho ba bacha hore ba fihle lilemo ho ikatisa.
• The nyopa ea poone e nyalisitsoeng.

The mochine likokoana-hloko tsa mofuta ona oa ho itšehla thajana e rarahaneng le e amanang le cytological, skeletal le litšobotsi humoral.

Senang-ho iphetola hoa lintho ka tshebetso ya ho fihlella ho itšehla thajana feletseng ho hlahisa bana ba lihlopha ka hare ho mefuta e tšoanang e etsa hore ho thehoe mefuta e mecha ea lintho tse ling tse ho feta liforomo motsoali. Empa e le ka khopolo. Se seng le se seng ho itšehla thajana ea baahi ba tla etsa hore ho itšehla thajana ho ikatisa le ho se seng le se seng ho itšehla thajana ho ikatisa tla lebisa hore ho thehoe liforomo tse ncha. Ke eng ka thuto ea ho iphetola ha lintho - ke hore microevolution qala ka kwahelang le e boetse e qetella.